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International Characters Support: Difference between revisions
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=Unicode= | =Unicode= | ||
Unicode is a standard and an effort to encode symbols from every language existing or having existed on Earth. There are actually 190000 signs from 93 languages. Unicode is equivalent to ISO/CEI 10646. | Unicode is a standard and an effort to encode symbols from every language existing or having existed on Earth. There are actually 190000 signs from 93 languages. Unicode is equivalent to ISO/CEI 10646. Unicode consists of | ||
* a table of symbols, each with an unique name, like "GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA" for α | |||
* encoding norms: UTF-16, UTF-32, UTF-8 | |||
* glyphs: a screen representation for each symbol | |||
=Storage and binary representation= | |||
* UTF-32 stores each symbols on 4 bytes according to two schemes: Big Endian and Little Endian | |||
* UTF-16 stores most of its symbols on 2 bytes; rarelly used values are stored using a sequence of "prefix-value". Two schemes: Big Endian and Little Endian | |||
* UTF-8 was designed to be mostly compabile with ASCII; symbols storage is either 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. This scheme is defined sequentially, there is no ambiguity linked to its endianess. | |||
=C and C++ support= | |||
There are three types of "char" in C and C++: plain (unqualified), signed and unsigned. The two latters were added to have similar behavior as 'int', as chars may be used to store small numbers. The standard says: | |||
3.9.1 Fundamental types [basic.fundamental] | |||
Objects declared as characters char) shall be large enough to store any member of the implementation's basic character set. If a character from this set is stored in a character object, the integral value of that character object is equal to the value of the single character literal form of that character. It is implementation-defined whether a char object can hold negative values. Characters can be explicitly declared unsigned or signed. Plain char, signed char, and unsigned char are three distinct types. A char, a signed char, and an unsigned char occupy the same amount of storage and have the same alignment requirements (basic.types); that is, they have the same object representation. For character types, all bits of the object representation participate in the value representation. For unsigned character types, all possible bit patterns of the value representation represent numbers. These requirements do not hold for other types. In any particular implementation, a plain char object can take on either the same values as a signed char or an unsigned char; which one is implementation-defined. | |||
What is fundamental here is that usual characters should be declared as "chars" or "signed chars". "Unsigned char" means they MAY be submitted to truncation of the eighth bit, this is implementation-dependant. | |||
In order to support wide-characters, the two-byte storage wchar_t was added to the C standard. Functions whose argument is wchar instead of char are generally prefixed by "w". | |||
=Characters functions= | |||
Some of the basic functions about characters strings are listed below: | |||
* length: how many symbols ? | |||
* tests: is this symbol a letter, a number, a punctuation sign, ... ? | |||
* finding chars inside a string | |||
* manipulating strings | |||
* displaying signs | |||
Here is a brief summary of the "features" of each encoding with respect to those functions: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Function | |||
! UTF-8 | |||
! UTF-16 | |||
! UTF_32 | |||
|- | |||
| length | |||
| number of symbols <= storage length | |||
| number of symbols <= storage length | |||
| number of symbols proportionnal to storage length | |||
| - | |||
|} | |||