Interval package: Difference between revisions
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{{OctaveForge | |||
| name = interval | |||
| logo = [[File:Interval.png|100px]] | |||
| short description = Real-valued interval arithmetic. | |||
| version = 3.2.0 | |||
| date = 2018-07-01 | |||
| author 1 name = Oliver Heimlich | |||
| author 1 email = <oheim@posteo.de> | |||
| maintainer 1 name = Oliver Heimlich | |||
| maintainer 1 email = <oheim@posteo.de> | |||
| license = GPL-3.0+ | |||
| group = Community package | |||
| doc 1 = [https://octave.sourceforge.io/interval/overview.html Function reference] | |||
| doc 2 = [https://octave.sourceforge.io/interval/package_doc/ User manual] | |||
| download 1 = [https://octave.sourceforge.io/download.php?package=interval-3.2.0.tar.gz interval-3.2.0.tar.gz] | |||
| repository 1 = https://octave.sourceforge.io/pkg-repository/interval/ | |||
| dependency 1 = octave ≥ 3.8.0 | |||
| dependency 2 = '''Runtime:''' mpfr (≥ 3.1.0) [https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=libmpfr4 libmpfr4 for Debian] | |||
| dependency 3 = '''Build:''' mpfr (≥ 3.1.0) [https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=libmpfr-dev libmpfr-dev for Debian] | |||
}} | |||
The GNU Octave interval package for real-valued [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic interval arithmetic]. | |||
* Intervals are closed, connected subsets of the real numbers. Intervals may be unbound (in either or both directions) or empty. In special cases <code>+inf</code> and <code>-inf</code> are used to denote boundaries of unbound intervals, but any member of the interval is a finite real number. | |||
* Classical functions are extended to interval functions as follows: The result of function f evaluated on interval x is an interval '''enclosure of all possible values''' of f over x where the function is defined. Most interval arithmetic functions in this package manage to produce a very accurate such enclosure. | |||
* The result of an interval arithmetic function is an interval in general. It might happen, that the mathematical range of a function consist of several intervals, but their union will be returned, e. g., 1 / [-1, 1] = [Entire]. | |||
= | [[File:Interval-sombrero.png|280px|thumb|left|Example: Plotting the interval enclosure of a function]] | ||
<div style="clear:left"></div> | |||
== Distribution == | |||
* [https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/octave-interval Debian GNU/Linux], [https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/octave-interval Launchpad Ubuntu] | |||
* [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/octave-interval/ archlinux user repository] | |||
* Included in [https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/octave/windows/ official Windows installer] and installed automatically with Octave (since version 4.0.1) | |||
* [https://github.com/macports/macports-ports/tree/master/math/octave-interval/ MacPorts] for Mac OS X | |||
* [https://www.freshports.org/math/octave-forge-interval/ FreshPorts] for FreeBSD | |||
* [https://cygwin.com/cgi-bin2/package-grep.cgi?grep=octave-interval Cygwin] for Windows | |||
* [https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/science/octave-forge-interval openSUSE build service] | |||
== Development status == | |||
* Completeness | |||
** All required functions from [https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1788-2015.html IEEE Std 1788-2015], IEEE standard for interval arithmetic, are implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on June 11, 2015. It will remain active for ten years. The standard was approved by ANSI in 2016. | |||
** Also, the minimalistic standard [https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1788.1-2017.html IEEE Std 1788.1-2017], IEEE standard for interval arithmetic (simplified) is fully implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on December 6, 2017 (and published in January 2018). | |||
** In addition there are functions for interval matrix arithmetic, N-dimensional interval arrays, plotting, and solvers. | |||
* Quality | |||
** Most arithmetic operations produce tight, correctly-rounded results. That is, the smallest possible interval with double-precision (binary64) endpoints, which encloses the exact result. | |||
** Includes [https://github.com/oheim/ITF1788 large test suite] for arithmetic functions | |||
** For open bugs please refer to the [https://savannah.gnu.org/search/?words=forge+interval&type_of_search=bugs&only_group_id=1925&exact=1 bug tracker]. | |||
* Performance | |||
** All elementary functions have been [https://octave.org/doc/interpreter/Vectorization-and-Faster-Code-Execution.html vectorized] and run fast on large input data. | |||
** Arithmetic is performed with the [http://www.mpfr.org/ GNU MPFR] library internally. Where possible, the optimized [http://web.archive.org/web/20170128033523/http://lipforge.ens-lyon.fr/www/crlibm/ CRlibm] library is used. | |||
* Portability | |||
** Runs in GNU Octave ≥ 3.8.2 | |||
** Known to run under GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and FreeBSD | |||
== Project ideas (TODOs) == | |||
* To be considered in the future: Algorithms can be migrated from the C-XSC Toolbox (C++ code) from [http://www2.math.uni-wuppertal.de/wrswt/xsc/cxsc_new.html] (nlinsys.cpp and cpzero.cpp), however these would need gradient arithmetic and complex arithmetic. | |||
* Interval version of <code>interp1</code> | |||
* Extend <code>subsasgn</code> to allow direct manipulation of inf and sup (and dec) properties. | |||
>> A = infsup ("[2, 4]"); | |||
>> A.inf = infsup ("[1, 3]") | |||
A = [1, 4] | |||
>> A.inf = 5 | |||
A = [Empty] | |||
:* While at it, also allow multiple subscripts in <code>subsasgn</code> | |||
>> A(:)(2:4)(2) = 42; # equivalent to A(3) = 42 | |||
>> A.inf(3) = 42; # also A(3).inf = 42 | |||
>> A.inf.inf = 42 # should produce error? | |||
>> A.inf.sup = 42 # should produce error? | |||
* Tight Enclosure of Matrix Multiplication with Level 3 BLAS [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/abstracts/ozaki.pdf] [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/slides/ozaki.pdf] | |||
* Verified Convex Hull for Inexact Data [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/abstracts/ohta.pdf] [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/slides/ohta.pdf] | |||
* Implement user-controllable output from the interval standard (e. g. via printf functions): | |||
a) It should be possible to specify the preferred overall field width (the length of s). | |||
b) It should be possible to specify how Empty, Entire and NaI are output, | |||
e.g., whether lower or upper case, and whether Entire becomes [Entire] or [-Inf, Inf]. | |||
c) For l and u, it should be possible to specify the field width, | |||
and the number of digits after the point or the number of significant digits. | |||
(partly this is already implemented by output_precision (...) / `format long` / `format short`) | |||
d) It should be possible to output the bounds of an interval without punctuation, | |||
e.g., 1.234 2.345 instead of [1.234, 2.345]. For instance, this might be a | |||
convenient way to write intervals to a file for use by another application. | |||
== Compatibility == | |||
The interval package's main goal is to be compliant with IEEE Std 1788-2015, so it is compatible with other standard-conforming implementations (on the set of operations described by the standard document). Other implementations, which are known to aim for standard conformance are: | |||
* [https://github.com/JuliaIntervals/IntervalArithmetic.jl IntervalArithmetic.jl package] (Julia) | |||
* [https://github.com/jinterval/jinterval JInterval library] (Java) | |||
* [https://github.com/nadezhin/libieeep1788 ieeep1788 library] (C++) created by Marco Nehmeier, later forked by Dmitry Nadezhin | |||
== | === Octave Forge simp package === | ||
In 2008/2009 there was a Single Interval Mathematics Package (SIMP) for Octave, which has eventually become unmaintained at Octave Forge. | |||
The simp package contains a few basic interval arithmetic operations on scalar or vector intervals. It does not consider inaccurate built-in arithmetic functions, round-off, conversion and representational errors. As a result its syntax is very easy, but the arithmetic fails to produce guaranteed enclosures. | |||
It is recommended to use the interval package as a replacement for simp. However, function names and interval constructors are not compatible between the packages. | |||
=== | === INTLAB === | ||
This interval package is ''not'' meant to be a replacement for INTLAB and any compatibility with it is pure coincidence. Since both are compatible with GNU Octave, they happen to agree on many function names and programs written for INTLAB may possibly run with this interval package as well. Some fundamental differences that I am currently aware of: | |||
* INTLAB is non-free software, it grants none of the [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html four essential freedoms] of free software | |||
* INTLAB is not conforming to IEEE Std 1788-2015 and the parsing of intervals from strings uses a different format—especially for the uncertain form | |||
* INTLAB supports intervals with complex numbers and sparse interval matrices, but no empty intervals | |||
* INTLAB uses inferior accuracy for most arithmetic operations, because it focuses on speed | |||
* Basic operations can be found in both packages, but the availability of special functions depends | |||
<div style="display:flex; align-items: flex-start"> | |||
<div style="margin-right: 2em"> | |||
{{Code|Computation with this interval package|<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> | |||
pkg load interval | |||
A1 = infsup (2, 3); | |||
B1 = hull (-4, A2); | |||
C1 = midrad (0, 2); | |||
A1 + B1 * C1 | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
}} | |||
</div><div> | |||
{{Code|Computation with INTLAB|<syntaxhighlight lang="octave"> | |||
startintlab | |||
A2 = infsup (2, 3); | |||
B2 = hull (-4, A2); | |||
C2 = midrad (0, 2); | |||
A2 + B2 * C2 | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
}} | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
==== Known differences ==== | |||
Simple programs written for INTLAB should run without modification with this interval package. The following table lists common functions that use a different name in INTLAB. | |||
{| | |||
! interval package | |||
! INTLAB | |||
|- | |||
| infsup (x) | |||
| intval (x) | |||
|- | |||
| wid (x) | |||
| diam (x) | |||
|- | |||
| subset (a, b) | |||
| in (a, b) | |||
|- | |||
| interior (a, b) | |||
| in0 (a, b) | |||
|- | |||
| isempty (x) | |||
| isnan (x) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | disjoint (a, b) | ||
| | | emptyintersect (a, b) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | hdist (a, b) | ||
| | | qdist (a, b) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | disp (x) | ||
| | | disp2str (x) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | infsup (s) | ||
| | | str2intval (s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | isa (x, "infsup") | ||
| | | isintval (x) | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Developer Information == | |||
=== Source Code Repository === | |||
https://sourceforge.net/p/octave/interval/ci/default/tree/ | |||
=== Dependencies === | |||
apt-get install liboctave-dev mercurial make automake libmpfr-dev | |||
=== | === Build === | ||
The | The repository contains a Makefile which controls the build process. Some common targets are: | ||
* <code>make release</code> Create a release tarball and the HTML documentation for [[Octave Forge]] (takes a while). | |||
* <code>make check</code> Run the full test-suite to verify that code changes didn't break anything (takes a while). | |||
* <code>make run</code> Quickly start Octave with minimal recompilation and functions loaded from the workspace (for interactive testing of code changes). | |||
'''Build dependencies''' | |||
<code>apt-get install libmpfr-dev autoconf automake inkscape zopfli</code> | |||
=== Architecture === | |||
In a nutshell the package provides two new data types to users: bare intervals and decorated intervals. The data types are implemented as: | |||
* class <code>infsup</code> (bare interval) with attributes <code>inf</code> (lower interval boundary) and <code>sup</code> (upper interval boundary) | |||
* class <code>infsupdec</code> (decorated interval) which extends the former and adds attribute <code>dec</code> (interval decoration). | |||
Almost all functions in the package are implemented as methods of these classes, e. g. <code>@infsup/sin</code> implements the sine function for bare intervals. Most code is kept in m-files. Arithmetic operations that require correctly-rounded results are implemented in oct-files (C++ code), these are used internally by the m-files of the package. The source code is organized as follows: | |||
+- doc/ – package manual | |||
+- inst/ | |||
| +- @infsup/ | |||
| | +- infsup.m – class constructor for bare intervals | |||
| | +- sin.m – sine function for bare intervals (uses mpfr_function_d internally) | |||
| | `- ... – further functions on bare intervals | |||
| +- @infsupdec/ | |||
| | +- infsupdec.m – class constructor for decorated intervals | |||
| | +- sin.m – sine function for decorated intervals (uses @infsup/sin internally) | |||
| | `- ... – further functions on decorated intervals | |||
| `- ... – a few global functions that don't operate on intervals | |||
`- src/ | |||
+- mpfr_function_d.cc – computes various arithmetic functions correctly rounded (using MPFR) | |||
`- ... – other oct-file sources | |||
=== Best practices === | |||
==== Parameter checking ==== | |||
* All methods must check <code>nargin</code> and call <code>print_usage</code> if the number of parameters is wrong. This prevents simple errors by the user. | |||
* Methods with more than 1 parameter must convert non-interval parameters to intervals using the class constructor. This allows the user to mix non-interval parameters with interval parameters and the function treats any inputs as intervals. Invalid values will be handled by the class constructors. | |||
if (not (isa (x, "infsup"))) | |||
x = infsup (x); | |||
endif | |||
if (not (isa (y, "infsup"))) | |||
y = infsup (y); | |||
endif | |||
== | if (not (isa (x, "infsupdec"))) | ||
x = infsupdec (x); | |||
endif | |||
if (not (isa (y, "infsupdec"))) | |||
y = infsupdec (y); | |||
endif | |||
=== | ==== Use of Octave functions ==== | ||
Octave functions may be used as long as they don't introduce arithmetic errors. For example, the ceil function can be used safely since it is exact on binary64 numbers. | |||
function x = ceil (x) | |||
... parameter checking ... | |||
x.inf = ceil (x.inf); | |||
x.sup = ceil (x.sup); | |||
endfunction | |||
If Octave functions would introduce arithmetic/rounding errors, there are interfaces to MPFR (<code>mpfr_function_d</code>) and crlibm (<code>crlibm_function</code>), which can produce guaranteed boundaries. | |||
==== Vectorization & Indexing ==== | |||
All functions should be implemented using vectorization and indexing. This is very important for performance on large data. For example, consider the plus function. It computes lower and upper boundaries of the result (x.inf, y.inf, x.sup, y.sup may be vectors or matrices) and then uses an indexing expression to adjust values where empty intervals would have produces problematic values. | |||
function x = plus (x, y) | |||
... parameter checking ... | |||
l = mpfr_function_d ('plus', -inf, x.inf, y.inf); | |||
u = mpfr_function_d ('plus', +inf, x.sup, y.sup); | |||
emptyresult = isempty (x) | isempty (y); | |||
l(emptyresult) = inf; | |||
u(emptyresult) = -inf; | |||
… | |||
endfunction | |||
== VERSOFT == | |||
The [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/matlab/ VERSOFT] software package (by Jiří Rohn) has been released under a free software license (Expat license) and algorithms may be migrated into the interval package. | |||
{| | |||
! Function | |||
! Status | |||
! Information | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices | |||
|- | |||
== | |verbasis | ||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> | |||
|- | |||
|vercondnum | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verdet | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verdistsing | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verfullcolrank | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code>verpinv</code> | |||
|- | |||
|vernorm2 | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code> | |||
|- | |||
|vernull (experimental) | |||
| unknown | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verlsq</code>; todo: compare with local function inside <code style="color:green">verintlinineqs</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verorth | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verbasis</code> and <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verorthproj | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> and <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verpd | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code style="color:red">vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verpinv | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verpmat | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verrank | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code> and <code style="color:red">verbasis</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verrref | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> and <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values | |||
|- | |||
|vereig | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on proprietary <code>verifyeig</code> function from INTLAB, depends on complex interval arithmetic | |||
|- | |||
|<s>vereigback</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated (for real eigenvalues) | |||
| dependency <code>norm</code> is already implemented | |||
|- | |||
|verspectrad | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Decompositions | |||
|- | |||
|verpoldec | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verrankdec | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> and <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verspectdec | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verthinsvd | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| implemented in <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrix functions | |||
|- | |||
|vermatfun | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Linear systems (rectangular) | |||
|- | |||
|<s>verlinineqnn</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated | |||
| use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verlinsys | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code>, <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code>, and <code style="color:red">verbasis</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verlsq | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> and <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Optimization | |||
|- | |||
|verlcpall | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code>verabsvaleqnall</code> | |||
|- | |||
|<s>verlinprog</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated | |||
| use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code>; dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verlinprogg | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code>verfullcolrank</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verquadprog | |||
| unknown | |||
| use <code>quadprog</code> from the optim package; use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code>; dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked, algorithm in [http://www.ti3.tuhh.de/paper/rump/Ru06c.pdf]) | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Polynomials | |||
|- | |||
|verroots | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices | |||
|- | |||
|verhurwstab | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verposdef</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verinverse | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code style="color:green">verintervalhull</code>, to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
|<s>verinvnonneg</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated | |||
|- | |||
|verposdef | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code style="color:red">verregsing</code> | |||
|- | |||
|verregsing | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code>verintervalhull</code>; see also [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/publist/singreg.pdf] | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values | |||
|- | |||
|vereigsym | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>, depends on <code style="color:red">verspectrad</code> | |||
|- | |||
|vereigval | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code> | |||
|- | |||
|<s>vereigvec</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated | |||
|- | |||
|verperrvec | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| the function is just a wrapper around <code style="color:green">vereigvec</code>?!? | |||
|- | |||
|versingval | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">vereigsym</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Decompositions | |||
|- | |||
|verqr (experimental) | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| <code>qr</code> has already been implemented using the Gram-Schmidt process, which seems to be more accurate and faster than the Cholsky decomposition or Householder reflections used in verqr. No migration needed. | |||
|- | |||
|<s>verchol (experimental)</s> | |||
|style="color:green"| free, migrated | |||
| migrated version has been named after the standard Octave function <code>chol</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (square) | |||
|- | |||
|verenclinthull | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
|verhullparam | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code>verintervalhull</code>, to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
|verhullpatt | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code>verhullparam</code>, to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
|verintervalhull | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (rectangular) | |||
|- | |||
|verintlinineqs | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code style="color:green">verlinineqnn</code> | |||
|- | |||
|veroettprag | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
|- | |||
|vertolsol | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code style="color:green">verlinineqnn</code> | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrix equations (rectangular) | |||
|- | |||
|vermatreqn | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Uncommon problems | |||
|- | |||
| plusminusoneset | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
|- | |||
| verabsvaleqn | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
| verabsvaleqnall | |||
|style="color:green"| free | |||
| depends on <code>verabsvaleqn</code>, see also [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/publist/absvaleqnall.pdf], to be migrated | |||
|- | |||
| verbasintnpprob | |||
|style="color:red"| trapped | |||
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Octave | [[Category:Octave Forge]] |
Latest revision as of 04:55, 13 August 2019
Octave Forge interval | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Real-valued interval arithmetic. | |
pkg install -forge interval
| |
Version: | 3.2.0 (2018-07-01) |
Author(s): | Oliver Heimlich <oheim@posteo.de> |
Maintainer(s): | Oliver Heimlich <oheim@posteo.de> |
License: | GPL-3.0+ |
Group: | Community package |
Documentation: | Function reference User manual |
Download: | interval-3.2.0.tar.gz |
Repository: | https://octave.sourceforge.io/pkg-repository/interval/ |
Dependencies: | octave ≥ 3.8.0 Runtime: mpfr (≥ 3.1.0) libmpfr4 for Debian Build: mpfr (≥ 3.1.0) libmpfr-dev for Debian |
The GNU Octave interval package for real-valued interval arithmetic.
- Intervals are closed, connected subsets of the real numbers. Intervals may be unbound (in either or both directions) or empty. In special cases
+inf
and-inf
are used to denote boundaries of unbound intervals, but any member of the interval is a finite real number. - Classical functions are extended to interval functions as follows: The result of function f evaluated on interval x is an interval enclosure of all possible values of f over x where the function is defined. Most interval arithmetic functions in this package manage to produce a very accurate such enclosure.
- The result of an interval arithmetic function is an interval in general. It might happen, that the mathematical range of a function consist of several intervals, but their union will be returned, e. g., 1 / [-1, 1] = [Entire].
Distribution[edit]
- Debian GNU/Linux, Launchpad Ubuntu
- archlinux user repository
- Included in official Windows installer and installed automatically with Octave (since version 4.0.1)
- MacPorts for Mac OS X
- FreshPorts for FreeBSD
- Cygwin for Windows
- openSUSE build service
Development status[edit]
- Completeness
- All required functions from IEEE Std 1788-2015, IEEE standard for interval arithmetic, are implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on June 11, 2015. It will remain active for ten years. The standard was approved by ANSI in 2016.
- Also, the minimalistic standard IEEE Std 1788.1-2017, IEEE standard for interval arithmetic (simplified) is fully implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on December 6, 2017 (and published in January 2018).
- In addition there are functions for interval matrix arithmetic, N-dimensional interval arrays, plotting, and solvers.
- Quality
- Most arithmetic operations produce tight, correctly-rounded results. That is, the smallest possible interval with double-precision (binary64) endpoints, which encloses the exact result.
- Includes large test suite for arithmetic functions
- For open bugs please refer to the bug tracker.
- Performance
- All elementary functions have been vectorized and run fast on large input data.
- Arithmetic is performed with the GNU MPFR library internally. Where possible, the optimized CRlibm library is used.
- Portability
- Runs in GNU Octave ≥ 3.8.2
- Known to run under GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and FreeBSD
Project ideas (TODOs)[edit]
- To be considered in the future: Algorithms can be migrated from the C-XSC Toolbox (C++ code) from [1] (nlinsys.cpp and cpzero.cpp), however these would need gradient arithmetic and complex arithmetic.
- Interval version of
interp1
- Extend
subsasgn
to allow direct manipulation of inf and sup (and dec) properties.
>> A = infsup ("[2, 4]"); >> A.inf = infsup ("[1, 3]") A = [1, 4] >> A.inf = 5 A = [Empty]
- While at it, also allow multiple subscripts in
subsasgn
- While at it, also allow multiple subscripts in
>> A(:)(2:4)(2) = 42; # equivalent to A(3) = 42 >> A.inf(3) = 42; # also A(3).inf = 42 >> A.inf.inf = 42 # should produce error? >> A.inf.sup = 42 # should produce error?
- Tight Enclosure of Matrix Multiplication with Level 3 BLAS [2] [3]
- Verified Convex Hull for Inexact Data [4] [5]
- Implement user-controllable output from the interval standard (e. g. via printf functions):
a) It should be possible to specify the preferred overall field width (the length of s). b) It should be possible to specify how Empty, Entire and NaI are output, e.g., whether lower or upper case, and whether Entire becomes [Entire] or [-Inf, Inf]. c) For l and u, it should be possible to specify the field width, and the number of digits after the point or the number of significant digits. (partly this is already implemented by output_precision (...) / `format long` / `format short`) d) It should be possible to output the bounds of an interval without punctuation, e.g., 1.234 2.345 instead of [1.234, 2.345]. For instance, this might be a convenient way to write intervals to a file for use by another application.
Compatibility[edit]
The interval package's main goal is to be compliant with IEEE Std 1788-2015, so it is compatible with other standard-conforming implementations (on the set of operations described by the standard document). Other implementations, which are known to aim for standard conformance are:
- IntervalArithmetic.jl package (Julia)
- JInterval library (Java)
- ieeep1788 library (C++) created by Marco Nehmeier, later forked by Dmitry Nadezhin
Octave Forge simp package[edit]
In 2008/2009 there was a Single Interval Mathematics Package (SIMP) for Octave, which has eventually become unmaintained at Octave Forge.
The simp package contains a few basic interval arithmetic operations on scalar or vector intervals. It does not consider inaccurate built-in arithmetic functions, round-off, conversion and representational errors. As a result its syntax is very easy, but the arithmetic fails to produce guaranteed enclosures.
It is recommended to use the interval package as a replacement for simp. However, function names and interval constructors are not compatible between the packages.
INTLAB[edit]
This interval package is not meant to be a replacement for INTLAB and any compatibility with it is pure coincidence. Since both are compatible with GNU Octave, they happen to agree on many function names and programs written for INTLAB may possibly run with this interval package as well. Some fundamental differences that I am currently aware of:
- INTLAB is non-free software, it grants none of the four essential freedoms of free software
- INTLAB is not conforming to IEEE Std 1788-2015 and the parsing of intervals from strings uses a different format—especially for the uncertain form
- INTLAB supports intervals with complex numbers and sparse interval matrices, but no empty intervals
- INTLAB uses inferior accuracy for most arithmetic operations, because it focuses on speed
- Basic operations can be found in both packages, but the availability of special functions depends
Code: Computation with this interval package |
pkg load interval
A1 = infsup (2, 3);
B1 = hull (-4, A2);
C1 = midrad (0, 2);
A1 + B1 * C1
|
Code: Computation with INTLAB |
startintlab
A2 = infsup (2, 3);
B2 = hull (-4, A2);
C2 = midrad (0, 2);
A2 + B2 * C2
|
Known differences[edit]
Simple programs written for INTLAB should run without modification with this interval package. The following table lists common functions that use a different name in INTLAB.
interval package | INTLAB |
---|---|
infsup (x) | intval (x) |
wid (x) | diam (x) |
subset (a, b) | in (a, b) |
interior (a, b) | in0 (a, b) |
isempty (x) | isnan (x) |
disjoint (a, b) | emptyintersect (a, b) |
hdist (a, b) | qdist (a, b) |
disp (x) | disp2str (x) |
infsup (s) | str2intval (s) |
isa (x, "infsup") | isintval (x) |
Developer Information[edit]
Source Code Repository[edit]
https://sourceforge.net/p/octave/interval/ci/default/tree/
Dependencies[edit]
apt-get install liboctave-dev mercurial make automake libmpfr-dev
Build[edit]
The repository contains a Makefile which controls the build process. Some common targets are:
make release
Create a release tarball and the HTML documentation for Octave Forge (takes a while).make check
Run the full test-suite to verify that code changes didn't break anything (takes a while).make run
Quickly start Octave with minimal recompilation and functions loaded from the workspace (for interactive testing of code changes).
Build dependencies
apt-get install libmpfr-dev autoconf automake inkscape zopfli
Architecture[edit]
In a nutshell the package provides two new data types to users: bare intervals and decorated intervals. The data types are implemented as:
- class
infsup
(bare interval) with attributesinf
(lower interval boundary) andsup
(upper interval boundary) - class
infsupdec
(decorated interval) which extends the former and adds attributedec
(interval decoration).
Almost all functions in the package are implemented as methods of these classes, e. g. @infsup/sin
implements the sine function for bare intervals. Most code is kept in m-files. Arithmetic operations that require correctly-rounded results are implemented in oct-files (C++ code), these are used internally by the m-files of the package. The source code is organized as follows:
+- doc/ – package manual +- inst/ | +- @infsup/ | | +- infsup.m – class constructor for bare intervals | | +- sin.m – sine function for bare intervals (uses mpfr_function_d internally) | | `- ... – further functions on bare intervals | +- @infsupdec/ | | +- infsupdec.m – class constructor for decorated intervals | | +- sin.m – sine function for decorated intervals (uses @infsup/sin internally) | | `- ... – further functions on decorated intervals | `- ... – a few global functions that don't operate on intervals `- src/ +- mpfr_function_d.cc – computes various arithmetic functions correctly rounded (using MPFR) `- ... – other oct-file sources
Best practices[edit]
Parameter checking[edit]
- All methods must check
nargin
and callprint_usage
if the number of parameters is wrong. This prevents simple errors by the user. - Methods with more than 1 parameter must convert non-interval parameters to intervals using the class constructor. This allows the user to mix non-interval parameters with interval parameters and the function treats any inputs as intervals. Invalid values will be handled by the class constructors.
if (not (isa (x, "infsup"))) x = infsup (x); endif if (not (isa (y, "infsup"))) y = infsup (y); endif
if (not (isa (x, "infsupdec"))) x = infsupdec (x); endif if (not (isa (y, "infsupdec"))) y = infsupdec (y); endif
Use of Octave functions[edit]
Octave functions may be used as long as they don't introduce arithmetic errors. For example, the ceil function can be used safely since it is exact on binary64 numbers.
function x = ceil (x) ... parameter checking ... x.inf = ceil (x.inf); x.sup = ceil (x.sup); endfunction
If Octave functions would introduce arithmetic/rounding errors, there are interfaces to MPFR (mpfr_function_d
) and crlibm (crlibm_function
), which can produce guaranteed boundaries.
Vectorization & Indexing[edit]
All functions should be implemented using vectorization and indexing. This is very important for performance on large data. For example, consider the plus function. It computes lower and upper boundaries of the result (x.inf, y.inf, x.sup, y.sup may be vectors or matrices) and then uses an indexing expression to adjust values where empty intervals would have produces problematic values.
function x = plus (x, y) ... parameter checking ... l = mpfr_function_d ('plus', -inf, x.inf, y.inf); u = mpfr_function_d ('plus', +inf, x.sup, y.sup); emptyresult = isempty (x) | isempty (y); l(emptyresult) = inf; u(emptyresult) = -inf; … endfunction
VERSOFT[edit]
The VERSOFT software package (by Jiří Rohn) has been released under a free software license (Expat license) and algorithms may be migrated into the interval package.
Function | Status | Information |
---|---|---|
Real (or complex) data only: Matrices | ||
verbasis | trapped | depends on verfullcolrank
|
vercondnum | trapped | depends on versingval
|
verdet | trapped | depends on vereig
|
verdistsing | trapped | depends on versingval
|
verfullcolrank | trapped | depends on verpinv
|
vernorm2 | trapped | depends on versingval
|
vernull (experimental) | unknown | depends on verlsq ; todo: compare with local function inside verintlinineqs
|
verorth | trapped | depends on verbasis and verthinsvd
|
verorthproj | trapped | depends on verpinv and verfullcolrank
|
verpd | trapped | depends on isspd (by Rump, to be checked) and vereig
|
verpinv | trapped | dependency verifylss is implemented as mldivide ; depends on verthinsvd
|
verpmat | trapped | depends on verregsing
|
verrank | trapped | depends on versingval and verbasis
|
verrref | trapped | depends on verfullcolrank and verpinv
|
Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values | ||
vereig | trapped | depends on proprietary verifyeig function from INTLAB, depends on complex interval arithmetic
|
free, migrated (for real eigenvalues) | dependency norm is already implemented
| |
verspectrad | trapped | main part implemented in vereig
|
Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Decompositions | ||
verpoldec | trapped | depends on verthinsvd
|
verrankdec | trapped | depends on verfullcolrank and verpinv
|
verspectdec | trapped | main part implemented in vereig
|
verthinsvd | trapped | implemented in vereig
|
Real (or complex) data only: Matrix functions | ||
vermatfun | trapped | main part implemented in vereig
|
Real data only: Linear systems (rectangular) | ||
free, migrated | use glpk as a replacement for linprog
| |
verlinsys | trapped | dependency verifylss is implemented as mldivide ; depends on verpinv , verfullcolrank , and verbasis
|
verlsq | trapped | depends on verpinv and verfullcolrank
|
Real data only: Optimization | ||
verlcpall | free | depends on verabsvaleqnall
|
free, migrated | use glpk as a replacement for linprog ; dependency verifylss is implemented as mldivide
| |
verlinprogg | trapped | depends on verfullcolrank
|
verquadprog | unknown | use quadprog from the optim package; use glpk as a replacement for linprog ; dependency verifylss is implemented as mldivide ; depends on isspd (by Rump, to be checked, algorithm in [6])
|
Real (or complex) data only: Polynomials | ||
verroots | trapped | main part implemented in vereig
|
Interval (or real) data: Matrices | ||
verhurwstab | trapped | depends on verposdef
|
verinverse | free | depends on verintervalhull , to be migrated
|
free, migrated | ||
verposdef | trapped | depends on isspd (by Rump, to be checked) and verregsing
|
verregsing | trapped | dependency verifylss is implemented as mldivide ; depends on isspd (by Rump, to be checked) and verintervalhull ; see also [7]
|
Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values | ||
vereigsym | trapped | main part implemented in vereig , depends on verspectrad
|
vereigval | trapped | depends on verregsing
|
free, migrated | ||
verperrvec | free | the function is just a wrapper around vereigvec ?!?
|
versingval | trapped | depends on vereigsym
|
Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Decompositions | ||
verqr (experimental) | free | qr has already been implemented using the Gram-Schmidt process, which seems to be more accurate and faster than the Cholsky decomposition or Householder reflections used in verqr. No migration needed.
|
free, migrated | migrated version has been named after the standard Octave function chol
| |
Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (square) | ||
verenclinthull | free | to be migrated |
verhullparam | free | depends on verintervalhull , to be migrated
|
verhullpatt | free | depends on verhullparam , to be migrated
|
verintervalhull | free | to be migrated |
Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (rectangular) | ||
verintlinineqs | free | depends on verlinineqnn
|
veroettprag | free | |
vertolsol | free | depends on verlinineqnn
|
Interval (or real) data: Matrix equations (rectangular) | ||
vermatreqn | free | |
Real data only: Uncommon problems | ||
plusminusoneset | free | |
verabsvaleqn | free | to be migrated |
verabsvaleqnall | free | depends on verabsvaleqn , see also [8], to be migrated
|
verbasintnpprob | trapped | depends on verregsing
|