# Tips and tricks

## Preferences

Sometimes, Octave defaults are not the best for someone's specific use. To change the defaults, use the following on the .octaverc file.

### Changing default figure size

The default size of a figure may be appropriate for simple figures but not so much when using subplot for example. This can be changed though.

 Code: change default figure size set (0, 'DefaultFigurePosition', [1 get(0, "screensize")(4:-1:3) get(0, "DefaultFigurePosition")(4)]);

The value of DefaultFigurePosition must be a four element vector with the x and y coordinates for the figure, followed by its width and height. The code above sets the default image to be placed at the top of the monitor, with the width of the monitor and the same height previously set as default.

### Changing default font for axes

To display tex characters such as '\alpha' or '\lambda', a TrueType font ("arial" for instance) is better for the gnuplot backend [1]

 Code: change default axes font name set (0, "DefaultAxesFontName", "Arial")

It can then be necessary to change the font size as well

 Code: change default axes font size set(0, 'DefaultAxesFontSize', 10)

### Shorten help message

To get rid of the long help message with the link to the Octave homepage place this in your startup file usually at ~/.octaverc (if it does not exist, create it). See the documentation for more information.

suppress_verbose_help_message(1)


## Tiny helper functions

This is a list of tiny helper functions (the equivalent of e.g., shell aliases), the kind one would have on its .octaverc file.

When using clear, one may accidentally remove functions (alias) or other variables set on the octave.rc file. This can fixed by shadowing the clear function with the following:

 Code: reload octave.rc after clear function clear (varargin) args = sprintf (', "%s"', varargin{:}); evalin ("caller", ['builtin ("clear"' args ')']); source ("~/.octaverc"); endfunction

The problem with this approach is if there's path manipulation on the octave.rc file, such as addpath. A workaround is needed for each case since it is not possible to obtain a reliable list of what's in Octave load path. But basically should be to undo what the file does, before source ("~/.octaverc").

If there's a pkg unload all on it, this would also unload all packages. The following adjustment will keep the packages loaded

 Code: reload octave.rc after clear but keep packages loaded function clear (varargin) args = sprintf (', "%s"', varargin{:}); evalin ("caller", ['builtin ("clear"' args ')']); pkglist = pkg ("list"); loadedpkg = cell (0); for ii = 1:numel (pkglist) if (pkglist{ii}.loaded) loadedpkg{end+1} = pkglist{ii}.name; endif endfor source ("~/.octaverc"); if (numel (loadedpkg) != 0) pkg ("load", loadedpkg{:}); endif endfunction

### replace help with man

If you use octave too much, you'll find yourself trying to use help instead of man on bash. This function will fix that so you can use man in your octave instance (you can also do the opposite, create a help alias in bash but man has fewer characters).

 Code: alias to help  function man (name) help (char (name)) endfunction

## C++

### Real matrix operations

This is a table of matrix operations commonly performed in Octave and their equivalents in C++ when using the octave libraries.

 Operation Octave C++ add A+B A+B subtract A-B A-B matrix multiplication A*B A*B element multiplication A.*B product(A,B)  element division A./B quotient(A,B)  transpose* A.' A.transpose() select element m,n of A** A(m,n) A(m-1,n-1) select row N of A** A(N,:) A.row(N-1) select column N of A** A(:,N) A.column(N-1) extract submatrix of A A(a:b,c:d) A.extract(a-1,c-1,b-1,d-1) absolute value of A abs(A) A.abs() comparison to scalar*** A>2 mx_el_gt(A,2) A<2 mx_el_lt(A,2) A==2 mx_el_eq(A,2) A~=2 mx_el_ne(A,2) A>=2 mx_el_ge(A,2) A<=2 mx_el_le(A,2) matrix of zeros A=zeros(m,n) A.fill(0.0) matrix of ones A=ones(m,n) A.fill(1.0) identity matrix eye(N) identity_matrix(N,N) inverse of A inv(A) A.inverse() pseudoinverse of A pinv(A) A.pseudo_inverse() diagonal elements of A diag(A) A.diag() column vector A(:) ColumnVector(A.reshape (dim_vector(A.length()))) row vector A(:)' RowVector(A.reshape (dim_vector(A.length()))) check for Inf or NaN any(~isfinite(A)) A.any_element_is_inf_or_nan() stack two matrices vertically A=[B;C] B.stack(C) uniform random matrix rand(a,b) octave_rand::distribution("uniform"); octave_rand::matrix(a,b) normal random matrix randn(a,b) octave_rand::distribution("normal"); octave_rand::matrix(a,b) sum squares of columns sumsq(A) A.sumsq() sum along columns sum(A,1) A.sum(0) sum along rows sum(A,2) A.sum(1) product along columns prod(A,1) A.prod(0) product along rows prod(A,2) A.prod(1) cumsum along columns cumsum(A,1) A.cumsum(0) cumsum along rows cumsum(A,2) A.cumsum(1) cumproduct along columns cumprod(A,1) A.cumprod(0) cumproduct along rows cumprod(A,2) A.cumprod(1) number of rows size(A,1) A.rows() number of columns size(A,2) A.cols() range 0.1:0.2:0.9 Range (0.1, 0.9, 0.2).matrix_value ()

Notes:

• Transpose, addition, and multiplication operations also apply to RowVector, ComplexRowVector, ColumnVector, and ComplexColumnVector data types when the dimensions are in agreement.
• The difference is due to the fact that arrays are zero-based in C++, but one-based in Octave.
• The names of Octave internal functions, such as mx_el_gt, are not documented and are subject to change. Functions such as mx_el_gt may eventually be available at both the scripting level and in C++ under more common names such as gt.

### Complex Matrix Operations

 Operation Octave C++ conjugate tranpose A' A.hermitian()

## General

### Vectorizing Tricks

You can easily fill a vector with an index:

   for i=1:n, x(i) = i; end

   x = 1:n;


This works for expressions on the index by wrapping the index in an expression:

   for i=1:n, x(i) = sin(2*pi*i*f/r); end

   x = sin(2*pi*(1:n)*f/r);


You can also work with other vectors this way:

   for i=1:n, x(i) = sin(2*pi*y(i)*f/r); end

   x = sin(2*pi*y*f/r);


Conditionals in the for loop are a little bit tricky. We need to create an index vector for the true condition, and another for the false condition, then calculate the two independently.

   for i=1:n, if y(i)<1, x(i)=y(i); else x(i) = 2*y(i); endif

   idx = y < 1;
x(idx) = y(idx);
x(!idx) = 2*y(!idx);


• examples from matrices
• tricks with sort and cumsum (e.g., hist, lookup)
• counter-examples such as a tridiagonal solver
• sparse matrix tricks
• tricks relying on fortran indexing

### Changing BLAS

Many Octave functions are wrappers to optimized numerical libraries, notably BLAS and ATLAS. It is possible to achieve impressive performance gains by simply using a library tuned to your platform. One example is using OpenBLAS to replace the default BLAS implementation (further details).

On some Linux distributions, this just takes a few commands. For instance, on Ubuntu, it usually suffices to run

sudo apt-get install libopenblas-base libatlas3gf-base


followed by

sudo update-alternatives --config libblas.so.3


and then selecting the openblas option.