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The [https://sourceforge.net/p/octave/interval/ interval package] provides data types and fundamental operations for real valued interval arithmetic based on the common floating-point format “binary64” a. k. a. double-precision. '''Interval arithmetic''' produces mathematically proven numerical results. It aims to be standard compliant with the (upcoming) [http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/1788.html IEEE 1788] and therefore implements the ''set-based'' interval arithmetic flavor.
The GNU Octave interval package for real-valued [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic interval arithmetic].
* Intervals are closed, connected subsets of the real numbers. Intervals may be unbound (in either or both directions) or empty. In special cases <code>+inf</code> and <code>-inf</code> are used to denote boundaries of unbound intervals, but any member of the interval is a finite real number.
* Classical functions are extended to interval functions as follows: The result of function f evaluated on interval x is an interval '''enclosure of all possible values''' of f over x where the function is defined. Most interval arithmetic functions in this package manage to produce a very accurate such enclosure.
* The result of an interval arithmetic function is an interval in general. It might happen, that the mathematical range of a function consist of several intervals, but their union will be returned, e. g., 1 / [-1, 1] = [Entire].  


Warning: The package has not yet been released.
__TOC__
[[File:Interval-sombrero.png|280px|thumb|left|Example: Plotting the interval enclosure of a function]]
<div style="clear:left"></div>


== Motivation ==
== Distribution ==
* [https://octave.sourceforge.io/interval/ Latest version at Octave Forge]
** <code>pkg install -forge interval</code>
** [https://octave.sourceforge.io/interval/overview.html function reference]
** [https://octave.sourceforge.io/interval/package_doc/index.html package documentation] (user manual)
'''Third-party'''
* [https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/octave-interval Debian GNU/Linux], [https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/octave-interval Launchpad Ubuntu]
* [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/octave-interval/ archlinux user repository]
* Included in [https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/octave/windows/ official Windows installer] and installed automatically with Octave (since version 4.0.1)
* [https://github.com/macports/macports-ports/tree/master/math/octave-interval/ MacPorts] for Mac OS X
* [https://www.freshports.org/math/octave-forge-interval/ FreshPorts] for FreeBSD
* [https://cygwin.com/cgi-bin2/package-grep.cgi?grep=octave-interval Cygwin] for Windows
* [https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/science/octave-forge-interval openSUSE build service]


{{quote|Give a digital computer a problem in arithmetic, and it will grind away methodically, tirelessly, at gigahertz speed, until ultimately it produces the wrong answer. … An interval computation yields a pair of numbers, an upper and a lower bound, which are guaranteed to enclose the exact answer. Maybe you still don’t know the truth, but at least you know how much you don’t know.|Brian Hayes|[http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.6.484 DOI: 10.1511/2003.6.484]}}
== Development status ==
* Completeness
** All required functions from [https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1788-2015.html IEEE Std 1788-2015], IEEE standard for interval arithmetic, are implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on June 11, 2015. It will remain active for ten years. The standard was approved by ANSI in 2016.
** Also, the minimalistic standard [https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1788.1-2017.html IEEE Std 1788.1-2017], IEEE standard for interval arithmetic (simplified) is fully implemented. The standard was approved by IEEE-SA on December 6, 2017 (and published in January 2018).
** In addition there are functions for interval matrix arithmetic, N-dimensional interval arrays, plotting, and solvers.
* Quality
** Most arithmetic operations produce tight, correctly-rounded results. That is, the smallest possible interval with double-precision (binary64) endpoints, which encloses the exact result.
** Includes [https://github.com/oheim/ITF1788 large test suite] for arithmetic functions
** For open bugs please refer to the [https://savannah.gnu.org/search/?words=forge+interval&type_of_search=bugs&only_group_id=1925&exact=1 bug tracker].
* Performance
** All elementary functions have been [https://octave.org/doc/interpreter/Vectorization-and-Faster-Code-Execution.html vectorized] and run fast on large input data.
** Arithmetic is performed with the [http://www.mpfr.org/ GNU MPFR] library internally. Where possible, the optimized [http://web.archive.org/web/20170128033523/http://lipforge.ens-lyon.fr/www/crlibm/ CRlibm] library is used.
* Portability
** Runs in GNU Octave ≥ 3.8.2
** Known to run under GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and FreeBSD


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto"
== Project ideas (TODOs) ==
!Standard floating point arithmetic
* To be considered in the future: Algorithms can be migrated from the C-XSC Toolbox (C++ code) from [http://www2.math.uni-wuppertal.de/wrswt/xsc/cxsc_new.html] (nlinsys.cpp and cpzero.cpp), however these would need gradient arithmetic and complex arithmetic.
!Interval arithmetic
* Interval version of <code>interp1</code>
* Extend <code>subsasgn</code> to allow direct manipulation of inf and sup (and dec) properties.
>> A = infsup ("[2, 4]");
>> A.inf = infsup ("[1, 3]")
A = [1, 4]
>> A.inf = 5
A = [Empty]
:* While at it, also allow multiple subscripts in <code>subsasgn</code>
>> A(:)(2:4)(2) = 42; # equivalent to A(3) = 42
>> A.inf(3) = 42; # also  A(3).inf = 42
>> A.inf.inf = 42 # should produce error?
>> A.inf.sup = 42 # should produce error?
* Tight Enclosure of Matrix Multiplication with Level 3 BLAS [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/abstracts/ozaki.pdf] [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/slides/ozaki.pdf]
* Verified Convex Hull for Inexact Data [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/abstracts/ohta.pdf] [http://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/slides/ohta.pdf]
* Implement user-controllable output from the interval standard (e. g. via printf functions):
a) It should be possible to specify the preferred overall field width (the length of s).
b) It should be possible to specify how Empty, Entire and NaI are output,
    e.g., whether lower or upper case, and whether Entire becomes [Entire] or [-Inf, Inf].
c) For l and u, it should be possible to specify the field width,
    and the number of digits after the point or the number of significant digits.
    (partly this is already implemented by output_precision (...) / `format long` / `format short`)
d) It should be possible to output the bounds of an interval without punctuation,
    e.g., 1.234 2.345 instead of [1.234, 2.345]. For instance, this might be a
    convenient way to write intervals to a file for use by another application.
 
== Compatibility ==
The interval package's main goal is to be compliant with IEEE Std 1788-2015, so it is compatible with other standard-conforming implementations (on the set of operations described by the standard document). Other implementations, which are known to aim for standard conformance are:
 
* [https://github.com/JuliaIntervals/IntervalArithmetic.jl IntervalArithmetic.jl package] (Julia)
* [https://github.com/jinterval/jinterval JInterval library] (Java)
* [https://github.com/nadezhin/libieeep1788 ieeep1788 library] (C++) created by Marco Nehmeier, later forked by Dmitry Nadezhin
 
=== Octave Forge simp package ===
In 2008/2009 there was a Single Interval Mathematics Package (SIMP) for Octave, which has eventually become unmaintained at Octave Forge.
 
The simp package contains a few basic interval arithmetic operations on scalar or vector intervals. It does not consider inaccurate built-in arithmetic functions, round-off, conversion and representational errors. As a result its syntax is very easy, but the arithmetic fails to produce guaranteed enclosures.
 
It is recommended to use the interval package as a replacement for simp. However, function names and interval constructors are not compatible between the packages.
 
=== INTLAB ===
This interval package is ''not'' meant to be a replacement for INTLAB and any compatibility with it is pure coincidence. Since both are compatible with GNU Octave, they happen to agree on many function names and programs written for INTLAB may possibly run with this interval package as well. Some fundamental differences that I am currently aware of:
* INTLAB is non-free software, it grants none of the [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html four essential freedoms] of free software
* INTLAB is not conforming to IEEE Std 1788-2015 and the parsing of intervals from strings uses a different format—especially for the uncertain form
* INTLAB supports intervals with complex numbers and sparse interval matrices, but no empty intervals
* INTLAB uses inferior accuracy for most arithmetic operations, because it focuses on speed
* Basic operations can be found in both packages, but the availability of special functions depends
 
 
<div style="display:flex; align-items: flex-start">
<div style="margin-right: 2em">
{{Code|Computation with this interval package|<syntaxhighlight lang="octave">
pkg load interval
A1 = infsup (2, 3);
B1 = hull (-4, A2);
C1 = midrad (0, 2);
 
A1 + B1 * C1
</syntaxhighlight>
}}
</div><div>
{{Code|Computation with INTLAB|<syntaxhighlight lang="octave">
startintlab
A2 = infsup (2, 3);
B2 = hull (-4, A2);
C2 = midrad (0, 2);
 
A2 + B2 * C2
</syntaxhighlight>
}}
</div>
</div>
 
==== Known differences ====
Simple programs written for INTLAB should run without modification with this interval package. The following table lists common functions that use a different name in INTLAB.
{|
! interval package
! INTLAB
|-
|-
| style = "vertical-align: top" |
| infsup (x)
octave:1> 19 * 0.1 - 2 + 0.1
| intval (x)
ans =  1.3878e-16
|-
| style = "vertical-align: top" |
| wid (x)
octave:1> x = infsup ("0.1");
| diam (x)
octave:2> 19 * x - 2 + x
|-
ans = [-3.1918911957973251e-16, +1.3877787807814457e-16]
| subset (a, b)
| in (a, b)
|-
| interior (a, b)
| in0 (a, b)
|-
| isempty (x)
| isnan (x)
|-
| disjoint (a, b)
| emptyintersect (a, b)
|-
| hdist (a, b)
| qdist (a, b)
|-
| disp (x)
| disp2str (x)
|-
| infsup (s)
| str2intval (s)
|-
| isa (x, "infsup")
| isintval (x)
|}
|}


Floating point arithmetic, as specified by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point IEEE 754], is available in almost every computer system today. It is wide-spread, implemented in common hardware and integral part in programming languages. For example, the extended precision format is the default numeric data type in GNU Octave. Benefits are obvious: The performance of arithmetic operations is well-defined, highly efficient and results are comparable between different systems.
== Developer Information ==
=== Source Code Repository ===
https://sourceforge.net/p/octave/interval/ci/default/tree/


However, there are some downsides of floating point arithmetic in practice, which will eventually produce errors in computations.
=== Dependencies ===
* Floating point arithmetic is often used mindlessly by developers. [http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html]
apt-get install liboctave-dev mercurial make automake libmpfr-dev
* The binary data types categorically are not suitable for doing financial computations. Very often representational errors are introduced when using “real world” decimal numbers.
* Even if the developer would be proficient, most developing environments / technologies limit floating point arithmetic capabilities to a very limited subset of IEEE 754: Only one or two data types, no rounding modes, …
* Results are hardly predictable. All operations produce the best possible accuracy ''at runtime'', this is how floating point works. Contrariwise, financial computer systems typically use a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic fixed-point arithmetic] (COBOL, PL/I, …), where overflow and rounding can be precisely predicted ''at compile-time''.
* If you do not know the technical details, cf. first bullet, you ignore the fact that the computer lies to you in many situations. For example, when looking at numerical output and the computer says “<code>ans = 0.1</code>,” this is not absolutely correct. In fact, the value is only ''close enough'' to the value 0.1.


Interval arithmetic addresses above problems in its very special way and introduces new possibilities for algorithms. For example, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic#Interval_Newton_method interval newton method] is able to find ''all'' zeros of a particular function.
=== Build ===
The repository contains a Makefile which controls the build process. Some common targets are:
* <code>make release</code> Create a release tarball and the HTML documentation for [[Octave Forge]] (takes a while).
* <code>make check</code> Run the full test-suite to verify that code changes didn't break anything (takes a while).
* <code>make run</code> Quickly start Octave with minimal recompilation and functions loaded from the workspace (for interactive testing of code changes).


== Theory ==
'''Build dependencies'''
<code>apt-get install libmpfr-dev autoconf automake inkscape zopfli</code>


=== Moore's fundamental theroem of interval arithmetic ===
=== Architecture ===
Let '''''y''''' = ''f''('''''x''''') be the result of
interval-evaluation of ''f'' over a box '''''x''''' = (''x''<sub>1</sub>, … , ''x''<sub>''n''</sub>)
using any interval versions of its component library functions. Then
# In all cases, '''''y''''' contains the range of ''f'' over '''''x''''', that is, the set of ''f''('''''x''''') at points of '''''x''''' where it is defined: '''''y''''' ⊇ Rge(''f'' | '''''x''''') = {''f''(''x'') | ''x'' ∈ '''''x''''' ∩ Dom(''f'') }
# If also each library operation in ''f'' is everywhere defined on its inputs, while evaluating '''''y''''', then ''f'' is everywhere defined on '''''x''''', that is Dom(''f'') ⊇ '''''x'''''.
# If in addition, each library operation in ''f'' is everywhere continuous on its inputs, while evaluating '''''y''''', then ''f'' is everywhere continuous on '''''x'''''.
# If some library operation in ''f'' is nowhere defined on its inputs, while evaluating '''''y''''', then ''f'' is nowhere defined on '''''x''''', that is Dom(''f'') ∩ '''''x''''' = Ø.


== Quick start introduction ==
In a nutshell the package provides two new data types to users: bare intervals and decorated intervals. The data types are implemented as:
* class <code>infsup</code> (bare interval) with attributes <code>inf</code> (lower interval boundary) and <code>sup</code> (upper interval boundary)
* class <code>infsupdec</code> (decorated interval) which extends the former and adds attribute <code>dec</code> (interval decoration).


=== Input and output ===
Almost all functions in the package are implemented as methods of these classes, e. g. <code>@infsup/sin</code> implements the sine function for bare intervals. Most code is kept in m-files. Arithmetic operations that require correctly-rounded results are implemented in oct-files (C++ code), these are used internally by the m-files of the package. The source code is organized as follows:
Before exercising interval arithmetic, interval objects must be created, typically from non-interval data. There are interval constants <code>empty</code> and <code>entire</code> and the class constructors <code>infsup</code> for bare intervals and <code>infsupdec</code> for decorated intervals. The class constructors are very sophisticated and can be used with several kinds of parameters: Interval boundaries can be given by numeric values or string values with decimal numbers. Also it is possible to use so called interval literals with square brackets.


  octave:1> infsup (1)
  +- doc/                        – package manual
  ans = [1]
  +- inst/
  octave:2> infsup (1, 2)
  |  +- @infsup/
  ans = [1, 2]
  |  |  +- infsup.m            – class constructor for bare intervals
  octave:3> infsup ("3", "4")
  |  |  +- sin.m              – sine function for bare intervals (uses mpfr_function_d internally)
  ans = [3, 4]
  |  |  `- ...                – further functions on bare intervals
  octave:4> infsup ("1.1")
  |  +- @infsupdec/
  ans = [1.0999999999999998, 1.1000000000000001]
  |  |  +- infsupdec.m        – class constructor for decorated intervals
  octave:5> infsup ("[5, 6.5]")
  |  |  +- sin.m              – sine function for decorated intervals (uses @infsup/sin internally)
  ans = [5, 6.5]
  |  |  `- ...                 – further functions on decorated intervals
  octave:6> infsup ("[5.8e-17]")
  |  `- ...                     – a few global functions that don't operate on intervals
ans = [5.799999999999999e-17, 5.800000000000001e-17]
`- src/
    +- mpfr_function_d.cc      – computes various arithmetic functions correctly rounded (using MPFR)
    `- ...                     – other oct-file sources


It is possible to access the exact numeric interval boundaries with the functions <code>inf</code> and <code>sup</code>. The default text representation of intervals can be created with <code>intervaltotext</code>. The default text representation is not guaranteed to be exact (see function <code>intervaltoexact</code>), because this would massively spam console output. For example, the exact text representation of <code>realmin</code> would be over 700 decimal places long! However, the default text representation is correct as it guarantees to contain the actual boundaries and is accurate enough to separate different boundaries.
=== Best practices ===
==== Parameter checking ====
* All methods must check <code>nargin</code> and call <code>print_usage</code> if the number of parameters is wrong. This prevents simple errors by the user.
* Methods with more than 1 parameter must convert non-interval parameters to intervals using the class constructor. This allows the user to mix non-interval parameters with interval parameters and the function treats any inputs as intervals. Invalid values will be handled by the class constructors.
if (not (isa (x, "infsup")))
  x = infsup (x);
endif
if (not (isa (y, "infsup")))
  y = infsup (y);
endif


  octave:7> infsup (1, 1 + eps)
  if (not (isa (x, "infsupdec")))
  ans = [1, 1.0000000000000003]
  x = infsupdec (x);
  octave:8> infsup (1, 1 + 2 * eps)
  endif
  ans = [1, 1.0000000000000005]
  if (not (isa (y, "infsupdec")))
  y = infsupdec (y);
  endif


Warning: Decimal fractions should always be passed as a string to the constructor. Otherwise it is possible, that GNU Octave introduces conversion errors when the numeric literal is converted into floating-point format '''before''' it is passed to the constructor.
==== Use of Octave functions ====
Octave functions may be used as long as they don't introduce arithmetic errors. For example, the ceil function can be used safely since it is exact on binary64 numbers.
function x = ceil (x)
  ... parameter checking ...
  x.inf = ceil (x.inf);
  x.sup = ceil (x.sup);
endfunction


octave:9> infsup (<span style = "color:red">0.2</span>)
If Octave functions would introduce arithmetic/rounding errors, there are interfaces to MPFR (<code>mpfr_function_d</code>) and crlibm (<code>crlibm_function</code>), which can produce guaranteed boundaries.
ans = [.20000000000000001, .20000000000000002]
octave:10> infsup (<span style = "color:green">"0.2"</span>)
ans = [.19999999999999998, .20000000000000002]


For convenience it is possible to implicitly call the interval constructor during all interval operations if at least one input already is an interval object.
==== Vectorization & Indexing ====
All functions should be implemented using vectorization and indexing. This is very important for performance on large data. For example, consider the plus function. It computes lower and upper boundaries of the result (x.inf, y.inf, x.sup, y.sup may be vectors or matrices) and then uses an indexing expression to adjust values where empty intervals would have produces problematic values.
function x = plus (x, y)
  ... parameter checking ...
  l = mpfr_function_d ('plus', -inf, x.inf, y.inf);
  u = mpfr_function_d ('plus', +inf, x.sup, y.sup);
  emptyresult = isempty (x) | isempty (y);
  l(emptyresult) = inf;
  u(emptyresult) = -inf;
  …
endfunction


octave:11> infsup ("17.7") + 1
== VERSOFT ==
ans = [18.699999999999999, 18.700000000000003]
The [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/matlab/ VERSOFT] software package (by Jiří Rohn) has been released under a free software license (Expat license) and algorithms may be migrated into the interval package.
octave:12> ans + "[0, 2]"
ans = [18.699999999999999, 20.700000000000003]


=== Decorations ===
{|
With the subclass <code>infsupdec</code> it is possible to extend interval arithmetic with a decoration system. Every interval and intermediate result will additionally carry a decoration, which may provide additional information about the final result. The following decorations are available:
! Function
 
! Status
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto"
! Information
!Decoration
|-
!Bounded
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices
!Continuous
|-
!Defined
|verbasis
!Definition
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code>
|-
|vercondnum
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code>
|-
|verdet
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code>vereig</code>
|-
|verdistsing
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code>
|-
|verfullcolrank
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code>verpinv</code>
|-
|vernorm2
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code>
|-
|vernull (experimental)
| unknown
| depends on <code style="color:red">verlsq</code>; todo: compare with local function inside <code style="color:green">verintlinineqs</code>
|-
|verorth
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verbasis</code> and <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code>
|-
|verorthproj
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> and <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code>
|-
|verpd
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code style="color:red">vereig</code>
|-
|verpinv
|style="color:red"| trapped
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code>
|-
|verpmat
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code>
|-
|verrank
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">versingval</code> and <code style="color:red">verbasis</code>
|-
|verrref
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> and <code style="color:red">verpinv</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values
|-
|vereig
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on proprietary <code>verifyeig</code> function from INTLAB, depends on complex interval arithmetic
|-
|<s>vereigback</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated (for real eigenvalues)
| dependency <code>norm</code> is already implemented
|-
|verspectrad
|style="color:red"| trapped
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrices: Decompositions
|-
|verpoldec
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verthinsvd</code>
|-
|verrankdec
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code> and <code style="color:red">verpinv</code>
|-
|verspectdec
|style="color:red"| trapped
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>
|-
|verthinsvd
|style="color:red"| trapped
| implemented in <code>vereig</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Matrix functions
|-
|vermatfun
|style="color:red"| trapped
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Linear systems (rectangular)
|-
|<s>verlinineqnn</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated
| use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code>
|-
|verlinsys
|style="color:red"| trapped
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code>, <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code>, and <code style="color:red">verbasis</code>
|-
|verlsq
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verpinv</code> and <code style="color:red">verfullcolrank</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Optimization
|-
|verlcpall
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code>verabsvaleqnall</code>
|-
|<s>verlinprog</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated
| use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code>; dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>
|-
|verlinprogg
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code>verfullcolrank</code>
|-
|verquadprog
| unknown
| use <code>quadprog</code> from the optim package; use <code>glpk</code> as a replacement for <code>linprog</code>; dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked, algorithm in [http://www.ti3.tuhh.de/paper/rump/Ru06c.pdf])
|-
|colspan="3"|Real (or complex) data only: Polynomials
|-
|verroots
|style="color:red"| trapped
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices
|-
|verhurwstab
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verposdef</code>
|-
|verinverse
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code style="color:green">verintervalhull</code>, to be migrated
|-
|<s>verinvnonneg</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated
|-
|verposdef
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code style="color:red">verregsing</code>
|-
|verregsing
|style="color:red"| trapped
| dependency <code>verifylss</code> is implemented as <code>mldivide</code>; depends on <code>isspd</code> (by Rump, to be checked) and <code>verintervalhull</code>; see also [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/publist/singreg.pdf]
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Eigenvalues and singular values
|-
|vereigsym
|style="color:red"| trapped
| main part implemented in <code>vereig</code>, depends on <code style="color:red">verspectrad</code>
|-
|vereigval
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code>
|-
|<s>vereigvec</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated
|-
|verperrvec
|style="color:green"| free
| the function is just a wrapper around <code style="color:green">vereigvec</code>?!?
|-
|versingval
|style="color:red"| trapped
| depends on <code style="color:red">vereigsym</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrices: Decompositions
|-
|verqr (experimental)
|style="color:green"| free
| <code>qr</code> has already been implemented using the Gram-Schmidt process, which seems to be more accurate and faster than the Cholsky decomposition or Householder reflections used in verqr. No migration needed.
|-
|<s>verchol (experimental)</s>
|style="color:green"| free, migrated
| migrated version has been named after the standard Octave function <code>chol</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (square)
|-
|verenclinthull
|style="color:green"| free
| to be migrated
|-
|verhullparam
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code>verintervalhull</code>, to be migrated
|-
|verhullpatt
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code>verhullparam</code>, to be migrated
|-
|verintervalhull
|style="color:green"| free
| to be migrated
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Linear systems (rectangular)
|-
|verintlinineqs
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code style="color:green">verlinineqnn</code>
|-
|veroettprag
|style="color:green"| free
|-
|vertolsol
|style="color:green"| free
| depends on <code style="color:green">verlinineqnn</code>
|-
|colspan="3"|Interval (or real) data: Matrix equations (rectangular)
|-
|vermatreqn
|style="color:green"| free
|-
|colspan="3"|Real data only: Uncommon problems
|-
|-
| com<br/>(common)
| plusminusoneset
|
|style="color:green"| free
| ✓
| ✓
| '''''x''''' is a bounded, nonempty subset of Dom(''f''); ''f'' is continuous at each point of '''''x'''''; and the computed interval ''f''('''''x''''') is bounded
|-
|-
| dac<br/>(defined &amp; continuous)
| verabsvaleqn
|
|style="color:green"| free
| ✓
| to be migrated
|
| '''''x''''' is a nonempty subset of Dom(''f''); and the restriction of ''f'' to '''''x''''' is continuous
|-
|-
| def<br/>(defined)
| verabsvaleqnall
|
|style="color:green"| free
|
| depends on <code>verabsvaleqn</code>, see also [http://uivtx.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/publist/absvaleqnall.pdf], to be migrated
|
| '''''x''''' is a nonempty subset of Dom(''f'')
|-
|-
| trv<br/>(trivial)
| verbasintnpprob
|
|style="color:red"| trapped
|
| depends on <code style="color:red">verregsing</code>
|
| always true (so gives no information)
|-
|-
| ill<br/>(ill-formed)
|
|
|
| Not an interval, at least one interval constructor failed during the course of computation
|}
|}


In the following example, all decoration information is lost when the interval is possibly divided by zero, i. e., the overall function is not guaranteed to be defined for all possible inputs.
octave:1> infsupdec(3, 4)
ans = [3, 4]_com
octave:2> ans + 12
ans = [15, 16]_com
octave:3> ans / "[0, 2]"
ans = [7.5, Inf]_trv
=== Arithmetic operations ===
=== Reverse arithmetic operations ===
=== Numerical operations ===
=== Boolean operations ===


[[Category:Octave-Forge]]
[[Category:Octave Forge]]

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