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== Formatting == | == Formatting == | ||
=== Line Length === | |||
There is no fixed line length. In general, strive for clarity and readability and use your own judgement. | |||
Everyone has access to monitors with more than 80 columns, but even so, exceptionally long lines can be hard to read. However, keeping code together on a line that is logically one unit does improve readability. | |||
=== Indentation === | === Indentation === | ||
Use only spaces, | * Use only spaces, with 2 spaces per indent. | ||
* Tabs are prohibited. | |||
==== Functions, class, struct, enum ==== | |||
The curly braces defining the beginning and end of the block should appear on their own line. | |||
The braces should not be indented, i.e., they align at the same indentation level as the keyword such as {{codeline|class}}. | |||
The body of the block is indented. | |||
Note that class access specifiers {{codeline|public}}, {{codeline|protected}}, {{codeline|private}} are not indented. | |||
Example: | |||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | |||
class MatrixType | |||
{ | |||
public: | |||
enum matrix_type | |||
{ | |||
Unknown = 0, | |||
Full, | |||
Rectangular | |||
}; | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
==== Control structures (if, while, ...) ==== | |||
When indenting, indent the statement after control | When indenting, indent the statement after control structures (like {{codeline|if}}, {{codeline|while}}, etc.). | ||
structures (like {{codeline|if}}, {{codeline|while}}, etc.). | |||
is a compound statement, indent ''both'' the curly braces and the | If there is a compound statement, indent ''both'' the curly braces and the body of the statement (so that the body gets indented by ''two'' indents). | ||
body of the statement (so that the body gets indented by ''two'' | |||
indents). | Example: | ||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | ||
Line 32: | Line 63: | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
If you have nested {{codeline|if}} statements, use extra braces for extra | If you have nested {{codeline|if}} statements, use extra braces for extra clarification. | ||
==== Switch statements ==== | |||
Indent ''both'' the curly braces and the body of the switch statement (so that the body gets indented by ''two'' indents). | |||
However, the {{codeline|case}} statement is not doubly indented and instead aligns with the first brace. | |||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | |||
switch (info) | |||
{ | |||
case -1: | |||
{ | |||
cout << "function failed\n"; | |||
return false; | |||
} | |||
case 0: | |||
return true; | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
==== #ifdef directives ==== | |||
Indent code that follows a conditional processor directive such as {{codeline|#ifdef}} or {{codeline|#else}}. | |||
Example | |||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | |||
#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H) | |||
# include "config.h" | |||
#endif | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
The '#' character may also be placed with the directive rather than remaining in column 1 if this looks better. | |||
==== Split long expressions ==== | |||
Split long expressions in such a way that a continuation line starts | Split long expressions in such a way that a continuation line starts | ||
Line 46: | Line 112: | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
=== | ==== Optional braces ==== | ||
Consider putting extra braces around a multi-line expression to make it | Consider putting extra braces around a multi-line expression to make it | ||
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put extra braces anywhere if it improves clarity. | put extra braces anywhere if it improves clarity. | ||
=== Pointer and Reference appearance === | |||
and | |||
Declarations of pointers have the '*' character cuddled with the name of the variable. | Declarations of pointers have the '*' character cuddled with the ''name'' of the variable. | ||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | ||
Line 61: | Line 126: | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
However, references have the '&' character cuddled with the type of the variable. | However, references have the '&' character cuddled with the ''type'' of the variable. | ||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | ||
Line 67: | Line 132: | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
=== | === Miscellaneous === | ||
The negation operator is written with a space between the operator | |||
and its target, e.g., {{codeline|! A}}. | |||
=== Function headers === | === Function headers === | ||
In general, in non-header files, format function headers like this: | |||
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | ||
Line 85: | Line 149: | ||
The return type of the function and any modifiers are specified on the first | The return type of the function and any modifiers are specified on the first | ||
line. The function name on the second line should start in column 1, and | line. The function name on the second line should start in column 1, and | ||
multi-line argument lists should be aligned on the first | multi-line argument lists should be aligned on the first character after the open | ||
parenthesis. | parenthesis. Put a space before the left open parenthesis and after | ||
commas, for both function definitions and function calls. | commas, for both function definitions and function calls. | ||
For header files, or in class definitions, it may look better not to split the return type from the rest of the function header. Use your own judgement. | |||
=== Class declarations === | |||
The access specifier ({{codeline|public}}, {{codeline|protected}}, {{codeline|private}}) should always be stated rather than relying on the C++ language defaults for a particular object (for example, "{{codeline|class}}" = "{{codeline|private}}"). | |||
Within a class, the different access blocks should appear in the order 1) {{codeline|public}}, 2) {{codeline|protected}}, 3) {{codeline|private}}. | |||
Within an access block, member functions (methods) should be specified before member variables. If there are both member functions and member variables use | |||
//-------- | |||
between the sections to visually separate the two categories. | |||
=== Namespace === | === Namespace === | ||
All code should be in the octave namespace. | All code should be in the {{codeline|octave}} namespace or in a namespace below it. | ||
should | Namespaces should start and stop using the special macros {{codeline|OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(XXX)}} and {{codeline|OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(XXX)}}. There is no indentation of code that is placed into namespaces using these macros. | ||
Example | |||
{{Code|Use of namespace macros|<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | |||
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(octave) | |||
OCTAVE_BEGIN_NAMESPACE(math) | |||
template <typename T> | |||
void | |||
umfpack_report_control (const double *Control); | |||
* | |||
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(math) | |||
OCTAVE_END_NAMESPACE(octave) | |||
</syntaxhighlight>}} | </syntaxhighlight>}} | ||
{{Code|namespace | If bare namespace directives must be used, as occasionally is required in Qt code, then the code within the namespace should be indented. | ||
// Note indentation and that functions are not defined | |||
{{Code|bare namespace usage|<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> | |||
// Note indentation and that functions are not defined as "octave::math::foo:foo" | |||
namespace octave | namespace octave | ||
{ | { | ||
Line 131: | Line 203: | ||
} | } | ||
</syntaxhighlight>}} | </syntaxhighlight>}} | ||
==== Other Guidelines ==== | |||
* Do not use {{codeline|using XXX;}} directives | |||
* Do not declare anything on the {{codeline|std::}} namespace | |||
== Naming == | == Naming == | ||
Use lowercase names if possible. | Use lowercase names if possible. Uppercase is acceptable for variable names consisting of 1-2 letters. Do not use mixed case (a.k.a. CamelCase) names. | ||
names consisting of 1-2 letters. | |||
=== Member Variables === | |||
Member variables should use the prefix "m_" whenever possible. | |||
=== Class Variables === | |||
Class variables should use the prefix "s_" (for "static") whenever possible. | |||
=== Filenames === | |||
As with m-files, the file name of a C++ source file containing a class should match the name of the class defined within the file. For example, "password.h" defines the class "password" rather than "passwd.h" which is a common abbreviation for "password". | |||
== Header Files == | == Header Files == | ||
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=== references === | === references === | ||
Use references when passing variables that will be changed | Use references when passing variables that will be changed by a subroutine rather than the C-style method of passing pointers. | ||
than the C-style method of passing pointers. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! style="color:green;" | good | |||
! style="color:darkred;" | bad | |||
|- | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
void foo (int& a_ref) | |||
{ | |||
// foo changes content of `a_ref` | |||
a_ref = a_ref + 1; | |||
} | |||
void bar () | |||
{ | |||
int a = 42; | |||
foo (a); | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
void foo (int *a_ptr) | |||
{ | |||
// foo changes content of `a_ptr` | |||
*a_ptr = *aptr + 1; | |||
} | |||
void bar () | |||
{ | |||
int a = 42; | |||
foo (&a); | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
|} | |||
When passing variables that are large, but will not be changed in a subroutine (read-only), use {{codeline|const}} references. This helps avoid overflowing the finite stack capacity of a program while still ensuring that read-only access is enforced. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! style="color:green;" | good | |||
! style="color:darkred;" | bad | |||
|- | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
void foo (const std::string& str_ref) | |||
{ | |||
// foo does not change content of `str_ref` | |||
} | |||
void bar () | |||
{ | |||
std::string str ("This is a large variable, however as a reference it will take up just 8 bytes on the stack when passed to the subroutine foo()"); | |||
foo (str); | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
void foo (std::string str_copy) | |||
{ | |||
// foo does not change content of `str_copy` | |||
} | |||
void bar () | |||
{ | |||
std::string str ("This is a large variable that will be copied on to the stack and passed as a temporary variable to the subroutine foo()"); | |||
foo (str); | |||
} | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
|} | |||
=== new/delete === | |||
Pointers that will be allocated memory with {{codeline|new}} should be initialized with the C++ literal {{codeline|nullptr}}, not the numerical value 0 or the macro {{codeline|NULL}}. | |||
The {{codeline|delete}} keyword accepts {{codeline|nullptr}} and programmers should not put an {{codeline|if (ptr)}} guard around {{codeline|delete}}. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! style="color:green;" | good | |||
! style="color:darkred;" | bad | |||
|- | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
delete ptr; | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
| <syntaxhighlight lang="c++"> | |||
if (ptr) | |||
delete ptr; | |||
</syntaxhighlight> | |||
|} | |||
=== lambda expressions === | |||
When | When capturing variables from the surrounding function, explicitly list the variables being captured rather than relying on a default capture by value (`[=]`) or by reference (`[&]`). This more clearly captures the programmer's intent and makes the code more understandable. | ||
=== std::string === | === std::string === |
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