FAQ
This is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) for Octave users.
We are always looking for new questions (with answers), better answers, or both. Feel free to edit this page with your changes. If you have general questions about Octave, or need help for something that is not covered by the Octave manual or the FAQ, please use the help@octave.org mailing list.
This FAQ is intended to supplement, not replace, the Octave manual. Before posting a question to the help@octave.org mailing list, you should first check to see if the topic is covered in the manual.
General
What is Octave?
Octave is a high-level interactive language, primarily intended for numerical computations that is mostly compatible with Matlab.1
Octave can do arithmetic for real, complex or integer-valued scalars and matrices, solve sets of nonlinear algebraic equations, integrate functions over finite and infinite intervals, and integrate systems of ordinary differential and differential-algebraic equations.
Octave uses the GNU readline library to handle reading and editing input. By default, the line editing commands are similar to the cursor movement commands used by GNU Emacs, and a vi-style line editing interface is also available. At the end of each session, the command history is saved, so that commands entered during previous sessions are not lost.
The Octave distribution includes a 650+ page Texinfo manual. Access to the complete text of the manual is available via the doc command at the Octave prompt.
Who uses Octave?
Lots of people. It seems that universities use it for research and teaching, companies of all sizes, for development, individuals. This question comes often on Octave mailing lists, see WhoUsesOctave for a few answers
Who develops Octave?
Discussions about writing the software that would eventually become Octave started in about 1988 with James B. Rawlings and John W. Eaton at the University of Texas. John W. Eaton was the original author of Octave, starting full-time development in February 1992. He is still the primary maintainer. The community of users/developers has in addition contributed some code and fuels the discussion on the mailing lists help@octave.org (user forum), maintainers@octave.org (development issues), and octave-dev@lists.sourceforge.net (all things related to the Octave Forge repository of user-contributed functions).
Why GNU Octave?
The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software: the GNU system.
GNU is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix”; it is pronounced guh-noo, approximately like canoe.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project.
Octave became GNU Octave in 1997 (beginning with version 2.0.6). This meant agreeing to consider Octave a part of the GNU Project and support the efforts of the FSF. A big part of this effort is to adhere to the GNU coding standards and to benefit from GNU's infrastructure (e.g. code hosting and bug tracking). Additionally, Octave receives sponsorship from the FSF's Working Together fund. However, Octave is not and has never been developed by the FSF.
For more information about the GNU project, see http://www.gnu.org.
What version should I use?
In general, you will find the latest version on http://www.octave.org/download.html. It is recommended to use the stable version of octave for general use, and the development version if you want the latest features and are willing to tolerate instability.
A list of user-visible changes since the last release is available in the file NEWS. The file ChangeLog in the source distribution contains a more detailed record of changes made since the last release.
On what platforms does Octave run?
Octave runs on various Unices—at least Linux and Solaris, Mac OS X, Windows and anything you can compile it on. Binary distributions exist at least for Debian, Suse, Fedora and RedHat Linuxes (Intel and AMD CPUs, at least), for Mac OS X and Windows' 98, 2000, XP, Vista, and 7.
Two and three dimensional plotting is fully supported using gnuplot and an experimental OpenGL backend.
The underlying numerical solvers are currently standard Fortran ones like LAPACK, LINPACK, ODEPACK, the BLAS, etc., packaged in a library of C++ classes. If possible, the Fortran subroutines are compiled with the system's Fortran compiler, and called directly from the C++ functions. If that's not possible, you can still compile Octave if you have the free Fortran to C translator f2c.
Octave is also free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 3, as published by the Free Software Foundation, or at your option any later version.
How can I cite Octave?
Pointing to http://www.octave.org is good, because that gives people a direct way to find out more. If citation of a URL is not allowed by a publisher, or if you also want to point to a traditional reference, then you can cite the Octave manual:
@BOOK{eaton:2008,
author = "John W. Eaton, David Bateman, and Søren Hauberg",
title = "GNU Octave Manual Version 3",
publisher = "Network Theory Limited",
year = "2008",
isbn = "0-9546120-6-X"
}
Licensing Issues
If I write code using Octave do I have to release it under the GPL?
The answer depends on precisely how the code is written and how it works.
Code written entirely in the scripting language of Octave (interpreted code in .m files) may be released under the terms of whatever license you choose.
Code written using Octave's native plug-in interface (also known as a .oct file) necessarily links with Octave internals and is considered a derivative work of Octave and therefore must be released under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
Code written using Octave's implementation of the Matlab MEX interface may be released under the terms of whatever license you choose, provided that the following conditions are met:
- The plugin should not use any bindings that are specific to Octave. In other words, the MEX file must use the MEX interface only, and not also call on other Octave internals. It should be possible in principle to use the MEX file with other programs that implement the MEX interface (e.g., Matlab).
- The MEX file should not be distributed together with Octave in such a way that they effectively create a single work. For example, you should not distribute the MEX file and Octave together in a single package such that Octave automatically loads and runs the MEX file when it starts up. There are other possible ways that you might effectively create a single work; this is just one example.
A program that embeds the Octave interpreter (e.g., by calling the "octave_main" function), or that calls functions from Octave's libraries (e.g., liboctinterp, liboctave, or libcruft) is considered a derivative work of Octave and therefore must be released under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
Since the MEX interface allows plugins to be distributed under terms that are incompatible with the GPL, does this mean that you are encouraging people to to write non-free software for Octave?
No. The original reason for implementing the MEX interface for Octave was to allow Octave to run free software that uses MEX files (the particular goal was to run SundialsTB in Octave). The intent was to liberate that software from Matlab and increase the amount of free software available to Octave users, not to enable people to write proprietary code for Octave. For the good of the community, we strongly encourage users of Octave to release the code they write for Octave under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
I wrote a program that links with Octave libraries and I don't want to release it under the terms of the GPL. Will you change the license of the Octave libraries for me?
No. Instead of asking us to change the licensing terms for Octave, we recommend that you release your program under terms that are compatible with the GPL so that the free software community can benefit from your work the same as you have benefited from the work of all the people who have contributed to Octave.
What's new in version series 3.4.N and 3.5.N of Octave
The 3.4.N series has enough new features to justify a minor version number change. The full details are in the NEWS file, but in brief 3.4.N series brings:
- ARPACK now distributed with Octave
- Indexing optimisations
- FTP object using libcurl
- Better consistency with ismatrix, issquare, and issymetric
- Function handles aware of overloaded functions
- More efficient matrix division by making a single LAPACK call
- Other optimisations in matrix operations
- bsxfun optimised for basic arithmetic functions
- Matlab-style ignoring of output arguments using ~
- Many optimisations of the accumarray function
- Sparse matrix indexing has been rewritten for speed
- Configuration pseudo-variables like page_screen_output accept a "local" option argument to limit their scope to function scope
- The pkg command now accepts a -forge option to pull packages directly from Octave-forge
- Several dlmread improvements
- Octave now uses gnulib for better cross-platform compatibility
Here are some features that have been around since 3.2.N
- integer types
- fixed point arithmetic
- sparse matrices
- linear programming code based on GLPK
- 64-bit compilation support
- gzipped files and stream and consequently support of Matlab v7 files
- better support for both msvc and mingw
- a fully compatible MEX interface
- many many other minor features and compatibility changes
- an experimental OpenGL graphics toolkit to replace gnuplot
- object orient programming
- block comments
- imwrite and imread (based on the GraphicsMagick library)
- Lazy transpose
Special treatment in the parser of things like "a' * b", where the transpose is never explicitly formed but a flag is rather passed to the underlying LAPACK code. - Single precision type
- Improved array indexing
The underlying code used for indexing of arrays has been completely rewritten and so the indexing of arrays is now significantly faster.
Here are some older features that have been around since 2.1.N:
- NDArrays
- cells
The 3.5.N series is the current development release and will become a 3.6.N release in the future. This series brings the following new features:
- Perl compatible regular expressions
- a profiler
- broadcasting enabled for all built-in binary elementwise operators
What documentation exists for Octave?
Besides the current wiki, there are other important sources of documentation and help for Octave.
What documentation exists for Octave?
The Octave distribution includes a 650+ page manual that is also distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL. It is available on the web at http://www.octave.org/docs.html and you will also find there instructions on how to order a paper version.
The complete text of the Octave manual is also available using the GNU Info system via the GNU Emacs, info, or xinfo programs, or by using the doc command to start the GNU info browser directly from the Octave prompt.
If you have problems using this documentation, or find that some topic is not adequately explained, indexed, or cross-referenced, please report it on http://bugs.octave.org.
Getting additional help
If you can't find an answer to your question, the help@octave.org mailing list is available for questions related to using, installing, and porting Octave that are not adequately answered by the Octave manual or by this document.
User community
To subscribe to the list, go to http://www.octave.org/archive.html and follow the link to the subscription page for the list.
Please do not send requests to be added or removed from the mailing list, or other administrative trivia to the list itself.
An archive of old postings to the help-octave mailing list is maintained on http://www.octave.org/archive.html.
You will also find some user advice and code spread over the web. Good starting points are the Octave Wiki http://wiki.octave.org and Octave-Forge http://octave.sourceforge.net
We also have an IRC chat room.
I think I have found a bug in Octave.
“I think I have found a bug in Octave, but I'm not sure. How do I know, and who should I tell?”
First, see the section on bugs and bug reports in the Octave manual. When you report a bug, make sure to describe the type of computer you are using, the version of the operating system it is running, and the version of Octave that you are using. Also provide enough code and configuration details of your operating system so that the Octave maintainers can duplicate your bug.
How can I obtain Octave?
Source code
Source code is available on the Octave development site, where you are sure to get the latest version.
Since Octave is distributed under the terms of the GPL, you can get Octave from a friend who has a copy, or from the Octave website.
Pre-compiled binary packages
The Octave project does not distribute binary packages, but other projects do. For an up-to-date listing of packagers, see:
As of today, Octave binaries are available at least on Debian, Ubuntu, RedHat, Suse and Fedora GNU/Linuxen, Mac OS X, Windows' 98, 2000 and XP, Vista, and 7.
How do I get a copy of Octave for (some other platform)?
Octave currently runs on Unix-like systems, Mac OS X, and Windows. It should be possible to make Octave work on other systems as well. If you are interested in porting Octave to other systems, please contact the maintainers' mailing list.
Installation Issues and Problems
Octave 3.4 requires approximately 1.3 GB of disk storage to unpack and compile from source (considerably less if you don't compile with debugging symbols). Once installed, Octave requires approximately 355 MB of disk space (again, considerably less if you don't compile with debugging symbols, approximately 50 MB).
What else do I need?
To compile Octave, you will need a recent version of GNU Make. You will also need GCC 4.3 or later, although GCC 4.4 or later is recommended.
You must have GNU Make to compile octave. Octave's Makefiles use features of GNU Make that are not present in other versions of make. GNU Make is very portable and easy to install.
Can I compile Octave with another C++ compiler?
Yes, but development is done primarily with GCC, so you may hit some incompatibilities. Octave is intended to be portable to any standard conforming compiler. If you have difficulties that you think are bugs, please report them to the http://bugs.octave.org bug tracker, or ask for help on the mailing list.
Coding
What features are unique to Octave?
Although most of the Octave language will be familiar to Matlab users, it has some unique features of its own.
Functions defined on the command-line
Functions can be defined by entering code on the command line, a feature not supported by Matlab. For example, you may type:
octave:1> function s = hello_string (to_who)
> ## Say hello
> if nargin<1, to_who = "World"; end
> s = ["Hello ",\
> to_who];
> endfunction
octave:2> hello_string ("Moon")
ans = Hello Moon
Comments with #
The pound character, #, may be used to start comments, in addition to %. See the previous example. The major advantage of this is that as # is also a comment character for unix script files, any file that starts with a string like #! /usr/bin/octave -q will be treated as an octave script and be executed by octave.
Strings delimited by double quotes "
The double quote, ", may be used to delimit strings, in addition to the single quote '. See the previous example. Also, double-quoted strings include backslash interpretation (like C++, C, and Perl) while single quoted are uninterpreted (like Matlab and Perl).
Line continuation by backslash
Lines can be continued with a backslash, \, in addition to three points .... See the previous example.
Informative block closing
You may close function, for, while, if, ... blocks with endfunction, endfor, endwhile, ... keywords in addition to using end. As with Matlab, the end (or endfunction) keyword that marks the end of a function defined in a .m file is optional.
Coherent syntax
Indexing other things than variables is possible, as in:
octave:1> [3 1 4 1 5 9](3)
ans = 4
octave:2> cos([0 pi pi/4 7])(3)
ans = 0.70711
In Matlab, it is for example necessary to assign the intermediate result cos([0 pi pi/4 7]) to a variable before it can be indexed again.
Exclamation mark as not operator
The exclamation mark ! (aka “Bang!”) is a negation operator, just like the tilde ~:
octave:1> if ! strcmp (program_name, "octave"),
> "It's an error"
> else
> "It works!"
> end
ans = It works!
Note however that Matlab uses the ! operator for shell escapes, for which Octave requires using the system command.
Increment and decrement operators
If you like the ++, += etc operators, rejoice! Octave includes the C-like increment and decrement operators ++ and -- in both their prefix and postfix forms, in addition to +=, -=, *=, /=, ^=, .*=, ./=, and .^=.
For example, to pre-increment the variable x, you would write ++x. This would add one to x and then return the new value of x as the result of the expression. It is exactly the same as the expression x = x + 1.
To post-increment a variable x, you would write x++. This adds one to the variable x, but returns the value that x had prior to incrementing it. For example, if x is equal to 2, the result of the expression x++ is 2, and the new value of x is 3.
For matrix and vector arguments, the increment and decrement operators work on each element of the operand.
Unwind-protect
In addition to try-catch blocks, Octave supports an alternative form of exception handling modeled after the unwind-protect form of Lisp. The general form of an unwind_protect block looks like this:
unwind_protect
body
unwind_protect_cleanup
cleanup
end_unwind_protect
Where body and cleanup are both optional and may contain any Octave expressions or commands. The statements in cleanup are guaranteed to be executed regardless of how control exits body.
The unwind_protect statement is often used to reliably restore the values of global variables that need to be temporarily changed.
Matlab can be made to do something similar with their OnCleanUp function that was introduced in 2008a. Octave also has onCleanup since version 3.4.0.
Built-in ODE and DAE solvers
Octave includes LSODE and DASSL for solving systems of stiff ordinary differential and differential-algebraic equations. These functions are built in to the interpreter.
How does Octave solve linear systems?
In addition to consulting Octave's source for the precise details, the Octave manual contains a complete high-level description of the algorithm that Octave uses to decide how to solve a particular linear system, e.g. how the backslash operator A\x will be interpreted. Sections Techniques Used for Linear Algebra and Linear Algebra on Sparse Matrices from the manual describe this procedure.
How do I...?
How do I erase a figure?
closeplot(); closefig(number)
How do I set the number of displayed decimals?
octave:1> format long
octave:2> pi
pi = 3.14159265358979
octave:3> format short
octave:4> pi
pi = 3.1416
How do I vary the line thickness?
- There's plpot_octave, but the one in debian doesn't work for me.
- Here's my octave hack for it--- http://gnufans.net/~deego/pub/octave/plot_width.m This one simply draws the line multiple times.
- You can edit the .eps file manually or using sed and awk.
- Export the graph as fig file (gset term fig thickness 2). This also allows for easy postediting with xfig and export to formats not supported by gnuplot.
- The gplot command of octave does not support gnuplot's linewidth parameter Thus you must use the graw() function for sending this option directly to gnuplot, eg.
graw('replot "" notitle with lines lw 4\n');
- Search the octave archives for more.
How do I call an octave function from C++?
- Here is an untested code snippet for calling rand([9000,1]), modified from a post by HerberFarnsworth? to help-octave on 2003-05-01:
#include <octave/oct.h>
...
ColumnVector NumRands(2);
NumRands(0) = 9000;
NumRands(1) = 1;
octave_value_list f_arg, f_ret;
f_arg(0) = octave_value(NumRands);
f_ret = feval("rand",f_arg,1);
Matrix unis(f_ret(0).matrix_value());
How do I create a full semilog/log grid
gset grid mxtics mytics
gset grid lw 2, lw 0.1
grid("on");
One can use postscript enhancement for proper axis
gset format x "10^{%%L}"
or
gset format y "10^{%%L}"
How do I change colour/line definition in gnuplot postscript?
Here is a awk script to get a rainbow colour map
#!/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
split("0 4 6 7 5 3 1 2 8", rainbow, " ");
split("7 3 1 0 2 4 6 5 8", invraim, " ");
}
$1 ~ /\/LT[0-8]/ {
n = substr($1, 4, 1);
if (n == 0)
lt = "{ PL [] 0.9 0.1 0.1 DL } def";
else if (n == 1)
lt = "{ PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0.1 .75 0.1 DL } def";
else if (n == 2)
lt = "{ PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0.1 0.1 0.9 DL } def";
else if (n == 3)
lt = "{ PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 0.9 0 0.8 DL } def";
else if (n == 4)
lt = "{ PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0.1 0.8 0.8 DL } def";
else if (n == 5)
lt = "{ PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 0.9 0.8 0.2 DL } def";
else if (n == 6)
lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.3 0.1 DL } def";
else if (n == 7)
lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.4 0 DL } def";
else if (n == 8)
lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def";
$0 = sprintf("/LT%d %s", rainbow[n+1], lt);
##$0 = sprintf("/LT%x %s", invraim[n+1], lt);
##$0 = sprintf("/LT%x %s", n, lt);
}
{ print; }
How do I tell if a file exists?
Look at functions like exist, file_in_path.. and the other functions that their descriptions point to.
How do I create a plot without a window popping up (ie, a plot to a file)?
figure(1, "visible", "off"); plot(sin(1:100)); print -deps "/tmp/sin.eps"
One can set that behaviour as default:
set(0, 'defaultfigurevisible', 'off');
Common problems
How do I get sound output in Windows?
See http://www.octave.org/octave-lists/archive/help-octave.2003/msg01567.html for a start.
Why does Octave segfault when using "clear all;"?
This is a known problem if you have one of the following packages loaded:
- ann
- database
- ftp
See http://www.nabble.com/Segmentation-Fault---Clear-all-td21998563.html for a discussion
Octave takes a long time to find symbols.
Octave uses the genpath function to recursively add directories to the list of directories searched for function files. Check the list of directories with the path command. If the path list is very long check your use of the genpath function.
When plotting Octave occasionally gives me errors like gnuplot> 9 0.735604 line 26317: invalid command.
There is a known bug in gnuplot 4.2 that can cause an off by one error while piping data to gnuplot. It has been fixed in gnuplot 4.4.
If you have obtained your copy of Octave from a distribution please file a bug report requesting that the fix reported in the above bug report be included.
I cannot install a package. Octave complains about a missing mkoctfile.
Most distributions split Octave into several packages. The script mkoctfile is then part of a separate package:
- Debian/Ubuntu
aptitude install octave-headers
- Fedora
yum install octave-devel
Porting programs from Matlab to Octave
People often ask
I wrote some code for Matlab, and I want to get it running under Octave. Is there anything I should watch out for?
or alternatively
I wrote some code in Octave, and want to share it with Matlab users. Is there anything I should watch out for?
which is not quite the same thing. There are still a number of differences between Octave and Matlab, however in general differences between the two are considered as bugs. Octave might consider that the bug is in Matlab and do nothing about it, but generally functionality is almost identical. If you find a difference between Octave behavior and Matlab, then you should send a description of this difference (with code illustrating the difference, if possible) to http://bugs.octave.org.
Furthermore, Octave adds a few syntactical extensions to Matlab that might cause some issues when exchanging files between Matlab and Octave users. As both Octave and Matlab are under constant development the information in this section is subject to change at anytime.
You should also look at the page http://octave.sourceforge.net/packages.html and http://octave.sourceforge.net/doc/ that has a function reference that is up to date. You can use this function reference to see the number of octave function that are available and their Matlab compatibility.
How is Octave different from Matlab?
The major differences between Octave 3.4.N and Matlab R2010b are:
Nested Functions
Octave has limited support for nested functions. That is
function y = foo (x)
y = bar(x)
function y = bar (x)
y = ...;
end
end
is equivalent to
function y = foo (x)
y = bar(x)
end
function y = bar (x)
y = ...;
end
The main difference with Matlab is a matter of scope. While nested functions have access to the parent function's scope in Matlab, no such thing is available in Octave, due to how Octave essentially “un-nests” nested functions.
The authors of Octave consider the nested function scoping rules of Matlab to be more problems than they are worth as they introduce difficult to find bugs as inadvertently modifying a variable in a nested function that is also used in the parent is particularly easy.
Differences in core syntax
There a few core Matlab syntaxes that are not accepted by Octave, these being
- Some limitations on the use of function handles. The major difference is related to nested function scoping rules (as above) and their use with function handles.
- Some limitations of variable argument lists on the LHS of an expression, though the most common types are accepted.
- Matlab classdef object oriented programming is not yet supported, though work is underway and when development more on to Octave 3.5 this will be included in the development tree.
Differences in core functions
A large number of the Matlab core functions (ie those that are in the core and not a toolbox) are implemented, and certainly all of the commonly used ones. There are a few functions that aren't implemented, usually to do with specific missing Octave functionality (GUI, DLL, Java, ActiveX, DDE, web, and serial functions). Some of the core functions have limitations that aren't in the Matlab version. For example the sprandn function can not force a particular condition number for the matrix like Matlab can.
Just-In-Time compiler
Matlab includes a "Just-In-Time" compiler. This compiler allows the acceleration of for-loops in Matlab to almost native performance with certain restrictions. The JIT must know the return type of all functions called in the loops and so you can't include user functions in the loop of JIT optimized loops. Octave doesn't have a JIT and so to some might seem slower than Matlab. For this reason you must vectorize your code as much as possible. The MathWorks themselves have a good document discussing vectorization at http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1109.html.
Compiler
On a related point, there is no Octave compiler, and so you can't convert your Octave code into a binary for additional speed or distribution. There have been several aborted attempts at creating an Octave compiler. Should the JIT compiler above ever be implemented, an Octave compiler should be more feasible.
Graphic Handles
Up to Octave 2.9.9 there was no support for graphic handles in Octave itself. In the 3.2.N versions of Octave and beyond the support for graphics handles is converging towards full compatibility. The patch function is currently limited to 2-D patches, due to an underlying limitation in gnuplot, but the experimental OpenGL backend is starting to see an implementation of 3-D patches.
GUI
There are no Matlab compatible GUI functions yet. This might be an issue if you intend to exchange Octave code with Matlab users. There are a number of bindings from Octave to Tcl/Tk, VTK and Zenity included in the Octave Forge project (http://octave.sourceforge.net) for example that can be used for a GUI, but these are not Matlab compatible. Work on a Matlab compatible GUI is in an alpha stage in the QtHandles project, which may form part of a future release of Octave.
Simulink
Octave itself includes no Simulink support. Typically the simulink models lag research and are less flexible, so shouldn't really be used in a research environment. However, some Matlab users that try to use Octave complain about this lack.
MEX-Files
Octave includes an API to the Matlab MEX interface. However, as MEX is an API to the internals of Matlab and the internals of Octave differ from Matlab, there is necessarily a manipulation of the data to convert from a MEX interface to the Octave equivalent. This is notable for all complex matrices, where Matlab stores complex arrays as real and imaginary parts, whereas Octave respects the C99/C++ standards of co-locating the real/imag parts in memory. Also due to the way Matlab allows access to the arrays passed through a pointer, the MEX interface might require copies of arrays (even non complex ones).
Block comments
Block comments denoted by #{ and #} markers (or %{ and %}) are supported by Octave with some limitations. The major limitation is that block comments are not supported within [] or {}.
Mat-File format
There are some differences in the mat v5 file format accepted by Octave. Matlab recently introduced the "-V7.3" save option which is an HDF5 format which is particularly useful for 64-bit platforms where the standard Matlab format can not correctly save variables. Octave accepts HDF5 files, but is not yet compatible with the "-v7.3" versions produced by Matlab.
Although Octave can load inline function handles saved by Matlab, it can not yet save them.
Finally, Some multi-byte Unicode characters aren't yet treated in mat-files.
Profiler
Current Octave releases don't have a profiler, but there is one in the 3.5 development version, thanks to Daniel Kraft's 2011 Google Summer of Code project. It should be released with 3.6.
Toolboxes
Octave is a community project and so the toolboxes that exist are donated by those interested in them through the Octave Forge website (http://octave.sourceforge.net). These might be lacking in certain functionality relative to the Matlab toolboxes, and might not exactly duplicate the Matlab functionality or interface.
Short-circuit & and | operators
The & and | operators in Matlab short-circuit when included in an if statement and not otherwise. In Octave only the && and || short circuit. Note that this means that
if (a | b)
...
end
and
t = a | b;
if t
...
end
have different semantics in Matlab. This is really a Matlab bug, but there is too much code out there that relies on this behaviour to change it. Prefer the || and && operators in if statements if possible. If you need to use code written for Matlab that depends on this buggy behaviour, you can enable it since Octave 3.4.0 with the following command:
do_braindead_shortcircuit_evaluation(1)
Note that the difference with Matlab is also significant when either argument is a function with side effects or if the first argument is a scalar and the second argument is an empty matrix. For example, note the difference between
t = 1 | []; ## results in [], so...
if (t) 1, end ## in if ([]), this is false.
and
if (1 | []) 1, end ## short circuits so condition is true.
Another case that is documented in the Matlab manuals is that
t = [1, 1] | [1, 2, 3]; ## error
if ([1, 1] | [1, 2, 3]) 1, end ## OK
Also Matlab requires the operands of && and || to be scalar values but Octave does not (it just applies the rule that for an operand to be considered true, every element of the object must be nonzero or logically true).
Finally, note the inconsistence of thinking of the condition of an if statement as being equivalent to all(X(:)) when X is a matrix. This is true for all cases EXCEPT empty matrices:
if ([0, 1]) == if (all ([0, 1])) ==> i.e., condition is false.
if ([1, 1]) == if (all ([1, 1])) ==> i.e., condition is true.
However,
if ([])
is not the same as
if (all ([]))
because, despite the name, the all is really returning true if none of the elements of the matrix are zero, and since there are no elements, well, none of them are zero. This is an example of vacuous truth. But, somewhere along the line, someone decided that if ([]) should be false. Mathworks probably thought it just looks wrong to have [] be true in this context even if you can use logical gymnastics to convince yourself that "all" the elements of an empty matrix are nonzero. Octave however duplicates this behavior for if statements containing empty matrices.
Solvers for singular, under- and over-determined matrices
Matlab's solvers as used by the operators mldivide (\) and mrdivide (/), use a different approach than Octave's in the case of singular, under-, or over-determined matrices. In the case of a singular matrix, Matlab returns the result given by the LU decomposition, even though the underlying solver has flagged the result as erroneous. Octave has made the choice of falling back to a minimum norm solution of matrices that have been flagged as singular which arguably is a better result for these cases.
In the case of under- or over-determined matrices, Octave continues to use a minimum norm solution, whereas Matlab uses an approach that is equivalent to
function x = mldivide (A, b)
[Q, R, E] = qr(A);
x = [A \ b, E(:, 1:m) * (R(:, 1:m) \ (Q' * b))]
end
While this approach is certainly faster and uses less memory than Octave's minimum norm approach, this approach seems to be inferior in other ways.
A numerical question arises: how big can the null space component become, relative to the minimum-norm solution? Can it be nicely bounded, or can it be arbitrarily big? Consider this example:
m = 10;
n = 10000;
A = ones(m, n) + 1e-6 * randn(m,n);
b = ones(m, 1) + 1e-6 * randn(m,1);
norm(A \ b)
while Octave's minimum-norm values are around 3e-2, Matlab's results are 50-times larger. For another issue, try this code:
m = 5;
n = 100;
j = floor(m * rand(1, n)) + 1;
b = ones(m, 1);
A = zeros(m, n);
A(sub2ind(size(A),j,1:n)) = 1;
x = A \ b;
[dummy,p] = sort(rand(1,n));
y = A(:,p)\b;
norm(x(p)-y)
It shows that unlike in Octave, mldivide in Matlab is not invariant with respect to column permutations. If there are multiple columns of the same norm, permuting columns of the matrix gets you different result than permuting the solution vector. This will surprise many users.
Since the mldivide (\) and mrdivide (/) operators are often part of a more complex expression, where there is no room to react to warnings or flags, it should prefer intelligence (robustness) to speed, and so the Octave developers are firmly of the opinion that Octave's approach for singular, under- and over-determined matrices is a better choice than Matlab's.
Octave extensions
The extensions in Octave over Matlab syntax are very useful, but might cause issues when sharing with Matlab users. A list of the major extensions that should be avoided to be compatible with Matlab are Comments in octave can be marked with #. This allows POSIX systems to have the first line as #! octave -q and mark the script itself executable. Matlab doesn't have this feature due to the absence of comments starting with #".
Code blocks like if, for, while, etc can be terminated with block specific terminations like endif. Matlab doesn't have this and all blocks must be terminated with end.
Octave has a lisp-like unwind_protect block that allows blocks of code that terminate in an error to ensure that the variables that are touched are restored. You can do something similar with try/catch combined with rethrow (lasterror ()) in Matlab, however rethrow and lasterror are only available in Octave 2.9.10 and later. Matlab 2008a also introduced OnCleanUp that is similar to unwind_protect, except that the object created by this function has to be explicitly cleared in order for the cleanup code to run.
Note that using try/catch combined with rethrow (lasterror ()) can not guarantee that global variables will be correctly reset, as it won't catch user interrupts with Ctrl-C. For example
global a
a = 1;
try
_a = a;
a = 2
while true
end
catch
fprintf ('caught interrupt\n');
a = _a;
rethrow (lasterror());
end
compared to
global a
a = 1;
unwind_protect
_a = a;
a = 2
while true
end
unwind_protect_cleanup
fprintf ('caught interrupt\n');
a = _a;
end
Typing Ctrl-C in the first case returns the user directly to the prompt, and the variable a is not reset to the saved value. In the second case the variable a is reset correctly. Therefore Matlab gives no safe way of temporarily changing global variables.
Indexing can be applied to all objects in Octave and not just variables. Therefore sin(x)(1:10); for example is perfectly valid in Octave but not Matlab. To do the same in Matlab you must do y = sin(x); y = y([1:10]);
Octave has the operators ++, –, -=, +=, *=, etc. As Matlab doesn't, if you are sharing code these should be avoided.
Character strings in Octave can be denoted with double or single quotes. There is a subtle difference between the two in that escaped characters like \n (newline), \t (tab), etc are interpreted in double quoted strings but not single quoted strings. This difference is important on Windows platforms where the \ character is used in path names, and so single quoted strings should be used in paths. Matlab doesn't have double quoted strings and so they should be avoided if the code will be transferred to a Matlab user.