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Just backup

Clone the sources

The latest development sources of Octave are available via this Mercurial archive. With Mercurial and git installed you get the latest development version of Octave sources with the following command:

hg clone http://www.octave.org/hg/octave 

This will clone two repositories, one of which is subrepository of the main Octave repository. Once you have these, you can resync with the archive by doing

hg -v pull 
hg -v update

The -v option is not required but provides extra information about what was pulled and updated.

If you decide to use the development sources from the Mercurial archive, please read the file etc/HACKING that is available with the source files.

Build tools

The following is lifted from the manual (G.1.2) and etc/HACKING the 2013-06-14, if the current date is much different and your build fails because of missing requirements, please follow the links and see if they have been updated.

The following tools are required:

C++, C, and Fortran compilers The Octave sources are primarily written in C++, but some portions are also written in C and Fortran. The Octave sources are intended to be portable. Recent versions of the GNU compiler collection (GCC) should work (http://gcc.gnu.org). If you use GCC, you should avoid mixing versions. For example, be sure that you are not using the obsolete g77 Fortran compiler with modern versions of gcc and g++.
GNU Make Tool for building software (http://www.gnu.org/software/make). Octave's build system requires GNU Make. Other versions of Make will not work. Fortunately, GNU Make is highly portable and easy to install.
AWK, sed, and other Unix utilities Basic Unix system utilities are required for building Octave. All will be available with any modern Unix system and also on Windows with either Cygwin or MinGW and MSYS.

Additionally, the following tools may be needed:

Bison Parser generator (http://www.gnu.org/software/bison). You will need Bison if you modify the oct-parse.yy source file or if you delete the files that are generated from it.
Flex Lexer analyzer (http://www.gnu.org/software/flex). You will need Flex if you modify the lex.ll source file or if you delete the files that are generated from it.
Autoconf Package for software configuration (http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf). Autoconf is required if you modify Octave's configure.ac file or other files that it requires.
Automake Package for Makefile generation (http://www.gnu.org/software/automake). Automake is required if you modify Octave's Makefile.am files or other files that they depend on.
Libtool Package for building software libraries (http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool). Libtool is required by Automake.
Gnulib <http://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/>
gperf <http://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/>
Gzip <http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/>
Mercurial <http://mercurial.selenic.com/>
Perl <http://www.cpan.org/>
Rsync <http://samba.anu.edu.au/rsync/>
Tar <http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/>